词汇学Middle-English

MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)Normanconquestin1066EdwardtheConfessor(1042-1066)ThebattleofHastings（黑斯廷战役）TwogreatresultsoftheNormanConquest•First,itbroughttoaninsularnationanewandlargercontinentalculture.•Second,itforcedonEngland‘thenationalidea’,aconceptagainstwhichtheSaxonshadlongstruggled.Thesimultaneousexistenceofthreelanguages•ThenativeEnglish（本地英语）•NormanFrench（诺曼法语）•TheLatin（拉丁语）•NormanFrenchbecamethepolitespeech.Thenativetonguewasadespisedlanguagewhichwaslefttotheuseofboorsandserfs.•Latinwasusedbythechurch.•Thesituationofthesimultaneousexistenceofthreelanguagescontinuedforoveracentury.•Bytheendofthe13thcentury,Englishgaineditspositiongradually.Bitbybititcamebacktotheschools,thelawcourts,andthegovernmentandregainedsocialstatus.ItmadethefinalstepbacktoapositionofimportancewhenitemergedonceagainasarespectedliterarymediumwithWyclifftranslationoftheBibleandthewritingsofChaucer,Langlandandothers.SpeechofEnglandMaindialectsNorthernNorthum-brianMidlandMercianSouthernWessexChangesoftheMiddleEnglish•(1)ThesteadyerosionoftheOldEnglishinflectionalsystems:theOldEnglish---aperiodoffullendingstheMiddleEnglish---aperiodofleveledendings•(2)TheFrenchinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary•e.g.state,government,fashion,dress,coat,court,crime,pork,blue,scarlet,etc.•(3)LatinwordscontinuedtomaketheirwayintotheEnglishvocabulary.•e.g.genius,item,formula,index,superior,area,exit,circus,census,series,specimen,medium,senior,junior,curriculum,etc.SomeexamplesoftheMiddleEnglishwords•海see铅笔pencel苹果appel•男孩boi女孩girle•战争warre活的liven•人们peple武器armes•血blod死亡dien•食物fode——载自《坎特伯雷故事集》