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Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary第二章英语词汇的发展史1.TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily印欧语系的谱系关系识记：印欧语系的各个分支和各个分支的主要语言Armenian(亚美尼亚语)–existingtillnowAlbanian（阿尔巴尼亚语）–existingtillnowPrussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Balto-Slavic(波罗的海语系)Czech捷克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Easternset:Slovenian西洛文尼亚语Russian俄罗斯语Persian波斯语Bengali孟加拉语Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Hindi印地语Romany吉普赛语Last3derivedfromSanskrit梵文(dead)Scottish苏格兰语Celtic凯尔特语Irish爱尔兰语Welsh威尔士语Breton法国布里多尼语Portuguese葡萄牙语Spanish西班牙语Italic意大利语系French法语Italian意大利语Rumanian罗马尼亚语WesternSet:Hellenic希腊语Greek希腊语Norwegian挪威语Icelandic冰岛语Danish丹麦语Germanic日耳曼语Swedish瑞典语German德语Dutch荷兰语Flemish弗兰德语English英语BelongtoItalicThroughLatinScandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语2.AhistoricaloverviewofEnglishvocabulary英语发展的历史回顾考点：英语词汇发展的三个阶段：古英语词汇，中古英语词汇，现代英语词汇及其特点InhabitantsoftheIsland:Celts(Celtic)–RomanLegions(Latin，55)–GermanTribes(Anglo-Saxon，410)-NorwegianandDanishVikings(Scandinavian，900)–Norman（French,1066）①OldEnglish古英语（450-1150）(Anglo-Saxon)Character:1.LatinspeakingRomanmissionariesunderSt.AugustinecametospreadChristianityattheendofthe6thcentury.TheintroductionofChristianityhadagreatimpactonEnglishvocabulary.(NewWords:abbot男修道院长,candle,altar圣坛,amen,apostle使徒)2.Didn’tborrowasheavilyaslater,theychangedmeaningofnativewords,thecommonpracticewastocreatenewwordsbycombiningtwonativewords.（e.g.handbook）3.ManyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.Manyofthewordsarealikeorinterchangeably.4.OldEnglishhasavocabularyof50000-60000words,whichwashighlyinflected.Nouns,Pronouns,Adj.,verbs,Adv,hadcomplexendingsorvowelchanges,differgreatlyfromwhatweusetoday.内部高度曲折，有复杂的词尾原音变化。②MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）中古英语Character:1.Englishweredefeated,reducedtothestatusofaninferiorpeoplelike,Frenchbecamethepolitespeech.English,LatinandFrenchexistingsimultaneouslyforoveracentury.2.Between1250-1500,9000wordsofFrenchoriginpouredintoEnglish.75%ofthemarestillinusetoday.2500DutchwordsfoundtheirwaytoEnglishasBritainhadtraderelationshipwiththeLowCountries.(荷兰、比利时、卢森堡)3.Retainedmuchfewerinflections.EndingsofNounsandAdj.makingdistinctionofnumber,caseandoftenofgenderlosttheirdistinctiveforms.Thesameistrueofverb.IfwesayOldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.内部曲折形式少了很多，标志名词和形容词的数，格，性词尾形式已经不再明显了，动词情况也是一样。如果古英语尽是词尾的话，那么中古英语的词尾已经去了一半。②ModernEnglish现代英语（1500-uptonow）1.SubdividedintoEarlyEnglish(1500-1700)andLateEnglish(1700-Now)2.BorrowedheavilyfromLatinduring1500-1700knownasRenaissancewhichisanewupsurgeofleaningancientGreekandRomanclassics,over10000newwordsenteredEnglishLanguage,manyofwhichweretakenfromLatinandGreekbyscholarswhowantedtoreplacetheformsearlieradoptedformFrench.3.Englishabsorbedwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.(ExperiencedbyBourgeoisRevolutionandindustrialRevolution,rosetobeagreateconomicpowerandbegantostretchtentaclestoeverycornerofglobe)4.Morewordsarecreatedbywordformationsincetheworldhasseenbreathtakingadvancesinscienceandtechnology.5.Wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptions.Englishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.英语从古英语的综合型语言变成了现在的分析型语言。3.GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary当代英语词汇的发展状况考点：当代英语发展的现状Newwordssweepinataratemuchfasterthananyotherperiodinthehistory.Threemainsourcesofnewwords:Rapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology;Socialeconomicandpoliticalchanges;Influenceofotherculturesandlanguages.4.ModesofVocabularyDevelopment词汇发展的方式考点：词汇发展的3个主要方式创造新词，旧词新意，借用外来语。各种方式的地位和作用①Creation创造新词:Byusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.Mostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.②SemanticChanges旧词新意：Oldformtakesanewmeaningtomeetthenewneeds.Enrichthevocabularybycreatingmorenewusagesofthewords.(notincreasethenumberofwords)③Borrowing借用外来词：Vitalroleinthedevelopmentofvocabulary,particularinearliertimes.