语言学教程Language-and-Cognition

ChapterSixLanguageandCognition21.WhatisCognition?什么是认知？Mentalprocessesofanindividual,informationprocessingMentalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingawareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgment.3Threeapproachestothestudyoflanguageandcognition:Theformalapproach:addressesthestructuralpatterns,includingthestudyofmorphological,syntactic,andlexicalstructure.Thepsychologicalapproach:looksatlanguagefromtheperspectiveofgeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception,memory,attentiontoreasoning.PSYCHOLOGICALLINGUISTICS心理语言学Theconceptualapproach:addresseshowlanguagestructures(processes&patterns)conceptualcontent.COGNITIVELINGUISTICS认知语言学42.PsycholinguisticsPsychologicalaspectsoflanguagePsychologicalstatesandmentalactivitywiththeuseoflanguageLanguageacquisition,languageproduction&comprehensionTherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought5StructurallinguisticsCognitivepsychologyAnthropologyNeurosciencesRelatedfields6Languageacquisition(L1/L2)(languagelearning,5years)LanguagecomprehensionLanguageproductionLanguagedisordersLanguageandThoughtNeurocognitionSixsubjectsofresearch72.1LanguageAcquisitionLanguageacquisition:oneofthecentraltopicsinpsycholinguisticsAllnormalhumansspeak,nononhumananimaldoes.Children’sacquisitionoflanguagehasreceivedmuchattention.Scholarskeptdiariesofchildren’sspeechfortheirresearchdata.8Chinese2months,newspaper,laugh着急果果班也班urinate9Firststage(fromtwomonthstoayear)Language’ssoundpatternsPhoneticdistinctionsinparents’language.One-wordstage:objects,actions,motions,routines.10Two-wordstage:around18monthsChildutteranceMaturespeakerPurposeWantcookieIwantacookieRequestMoremilkIwantsomemoremilkRequestJoeseeI(Joe)seeyouInformingMycupThisismycupWarningMommychairThischairbelongstoMWarningBigboyIamabigboyBraggingRedcarThatcarisredNamingThatcarThatisacarNaming11ChildutteranceMaturespeakerPurposeNosleepIdon’twanttogotosleepRefusalNottiredIamnottiredRefusalWheredoll?Whereisthedoll?QuestionTrucktableThetruckisonthetableInformingDaddyrunDaddyisrunningInformingJoepushI(Joe)pushed(thecat)InformingPushcatIpushedthecarInformingGivecandyGivemethecandyRequest12Three-word-utterancestageGivedoggiepaper.Puttruckwindow.Tractorgofloor.13FluentgrammaticalconversationstageEmbedoneconstituentinsideanother:Givedoggiepaper.Givebigdoggiepaper.Usemorefunctionwords:missingfunctionwordsandinflectioninthebeginningbutgooduse(90%)bytheageof3,withafullrangeofsentencetypes.Allpartsofalllanguageareacquiredbeforethechildturnsfour.14What’sthedifferencebetweenFLAandSLA?What’sthedifferencebetweenSLAandSLL?152.2LanguagecomprehensionMentallexicon:informationaboutthepropertiesofwords,retrievablewhenunderstandinglanguage(take,get,good,thing;standard)Forexample,wemayusemorphologicalrulestodecomposeacomplexwordlikerewritablethefirstfewtimesweencounteritandafterseveralexposureswemaystoreandaccessitasaunitorword.(萌)Itmeansthatfrequencyofexposuredeterminesourabilitytorecallstoredinstances.最基本最笨最实用的方法；repetition16Connectionism:readersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogeneratethepronunciationsofwrittenwordsliketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove,orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns,likelove.(-tain,-ology,-meter,micro-)Similarityandfrequencyplayimportantrolesinprocessingandcomprehendinglanguage,withthenovelitemsbeingprocessedbasedontheirsimilaritytotheknownones.17AninitialstepinunderstandinganymessageHowdowegoaboutrecognizingwords?Assoonaspeoplehearspeech,theystartnarrowingdownthepossiblewordsthattheymaybehearing.Awordisidentifiedassoonasthereisonlyonepossibilityleft.Cohorttheory:Marslen-Wilson&Welsh(1990)Thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.Wordrecognition18ThisaccountisreferredtoastheCOHORTTHEORY(集群理论)andhypothesizesthatauditorywordrecognitionbeginswiththeformationofagroupofwordsattheperceptionoftheinitialsoundandproceedssoundbysoundwiththecohortofwordsdecreasingasmoresoundsareperceived.19如果这个词是“dive”，(diveintothewater)所有以[d]开始的词，如“drive,drink,date,dunk”等，都会被激活。这些激活的词构成一个“群”；这些词是在一个目标词的声学信息的基础上提取的，并没有受到其他层面的分析所影响。词辨认的第二阶段里，所有可能的信息都会影响目标词的选择，这些交互作用的信息资源都起到排除那些不相似的的词的作用。例如进一步的声学/语音信息可能排除一些交股的词，如“date”和“dunk”.20LanguageComprehension21Factorsinvolvedinwordrecognition:Frequencyeffect(频率效应)（词频效应）:Oneofthemostimportantfactorsthataffectswordrecognitionishowfrequentlythewordisusedinagivendiscourseorcontext.FrequencyeffectdescribestheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsmorefrequentusageintheL.better,TV,tuberculosis,protein（搞笑，郁闷）22RECENCYEFFECTS(近期效应)（近现率）:Peoplerecognizeawordfasterwhentheyhavejusthearditorreaditthanwhentheyhavenotrecentlyencounteredit.Recencyeffectsdescribetheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsrepeatedoccurrenceinthediscourseorcontext.例如在奥运会期间一些体育项目成为报章杂志和人们交谈的热点，成了高频词，辨认的阈限因而就降低。但是奥运会后，它们又慢慢降温，辨认的阈限又升高。所以近现效应实际上是动态的频率效应。（神马，浮云，此处省略，相当）23AnotherfactorthatisinvolvedinwordrecognitionisCONTEXT.Peoplerecognizeawordmorereadilywhentheprecedingwordsprovideanappropriatecontextforit.Thisis