LessonOneText课文:TheClassificationofAircraft飞行器的分类Althoughallairplanesareaircraft,notallaircraftareairplanes.Anaircraftisanystructure虽说所有的飞机都是飞行器,但不是所有的飞行器都是飞机。飞行器是指通过空气航thatisIntendedfornavigationthroughtheairandthatissupportedeitherbyitsownbuoyancyor行,由其自身的浮力或者依靠作用在其表面的空气动力支撑的一种结构。bythedynamicactionoftheairagainstitssurfaces.Abrieflookatthevariouskindsofaircraftis简单地看一看这些不同种类的航空器,就会对此感到一目了然inorder,sinceyoumayflyanumberofthemduringyouraviationcareerandsinceFAArulesfor的,因为在你的航空生涯中你可能驾驶大量的航空器,而且联邦航空局关于飞行员或飞行员pilotorairmencertificationarebasedonaircraftclassification.Theclassificationbeginswith驾驶证的规定也是以航空器的分类为基础的。分类从种类开始:categories:withinacategory,specificclassesareidentified:andwithinaclass,typesare在一种种类中,分为详细的等级:而在一个等级中分为型号。identified.Categoryaircraftthatusethesamemethodofstayingaloftandusesimilarmeansofpropulsion种类利用同一种方法滞留空中和采用类似形式推进力的航空器被归为同一种类。aregroupedintothesamecategory.Thisisthebroadestclassificationofaircraft.TheFAA这就是航空器最广义的分类。联邦航空局当前认为有四种currentlyrecognizesthefourcategoriesofaircraftshowninFigure1.1:lighter-than-air,种类的航空器如图1.1所示:轻于空气的(航空器)rotorcraft,gliderandairplane.旋翼式航空器,滑翔器和飞机。ClassWithineachcategory,aircraftwithsimilaroperatingcharacteristicsaregroupedintoa等级在每个种类中,具有类似操纵特性的航空器被分为一个等级,class,Forinstance,withintheairplanecategorytherearefourclasses:single-engineland,例如,在飞机种类中有四个等级:单引擎陆地(飞机)single-enginesea,multiengineland,andmultienginesea.单引擎海上(飞机),多引擎陆地(飞机)和多引擎海上(飞机)。TypeWhenyourefertoaspecificmakeandmodelofaircraft,youaredefiningitstype.型号当你谈及一个明确的牌子和样式的航空器时,你指的是它的型号。Herearesomeaircrafttypesyoumaybefamiliarwith:Cessna152,PiperTomahawk,这里有你熟悉的几种航空器型号::BeechBonanza,Boeing727,McDonnellDouglasDC-10.TheDifferentCategoriesandClassesofAirCraft航空器的不同种类和等级Lighter-than-airaircraftascendbydisplacingafreemassofheavierairwithanenclosedmass轻于空气的(航空器)这种航空器通过用密封的轻型气体团替代自由的重空气团上升。oflightergas.Therearetwoclassesoflighter-than-airaircraft:balloonsandairships.Balloonsare有两种轻于空气的航空器:气球和飞艇。气球是驾驭空气气流飘行的无动力的unpoweredaircraftthatrideaircurrents.Hot-airballoonswerecommoninthenineteenthcentury航空器热气球在19世纪是常见的而今天用于体育运动。andareusedtodayforsport.Airshipsarepoweredandhavecontrolstodirectstheirmovement.飞艇有动力并且有操纵装置指引它们的运动。Inflatable/deflatableairshipsarecalledblimps.Dirigiblesareairshipsbuiltonrigidframes;可充气/可放气飞艇被称作充气的飞艇。飞船是刚性框架构成的飞艇。thefamousGermanZeppelinsweredirigibles.著名的德国Zeppelines就是飞船。Arotorcraftiseasilyrecognizedbyitslargeoverheadpropeller,calledarotor.Therearetwo旋翼式飞行器通过其巨大的顶部螺旋桨很容易辨认,称作旋翼。有两种的旋翼式飞行classesofrotorcraft:helicoptersandgyroplanes.Helicoptershavepoweredrotorsthatprovide器:直升机和旋翼机。直升机有动力旋翼,它通过空气提供垂直和水bothverticalandhorizontalmotionthroughtheair.Onagyroplanetherotorisfreewhiling:平方向的运动的。在旋翼机上,旋翼是行动自由的:propulsionisprovidedbyanengineandpropellermountedineitheratractor(pulling)orpusher推进力是通过一个引擎和固定在牵引机或推进器结构上的螺旋桨提供的。configuration.Agliderisanunpoweredaircraftwithwingsandatail.Asailplaneisahigh-performance滑翔机是一种带有机翼和一个尾部的无动力航空器。轻滑翔机是一种高性能滑翔机,能glidercapableofremainingaloftonrisingaircurrents.Theseaircraftcanbetowedaloftbyan够在上升气流中保持高空飞行。这些航空器能被飞机或绞车拖拽到高处airplaneorawinch,ortheycanbelaunchedovertheedgeofacliff.Oncealoft,aglideror,或者它们可以从悬崖上边抛投发射。一旦处在高处,滑翔机或轻sailplaneisalwayscoastingdownthroughtheairimmediatelyaroundit.Asailplanepilotstays滑翔机总是立即沿着它周围的大气向下滑行。轻滑翔机飞行员通过寻找aloftbyfindingrisingaircurrentsproducedbythelocalterrainorweatherconditions.由当地地形或气候条件产生的上升气流来保持高空停留。Anairplaneisapoweredaircraftwithwingsandatail.Theairplanecategoryhasfour飞机是一种带有机翼和尾部的有动力航空器。飞机种类有四个等级:classes:single-engineland,single-enginesea,multiengineland,andmultienginesea.单引擎陆地(飞机),单引擎海上(飞机),多引擎陆地(飞机)和多引擎海上(飞机)。Chapter2isdevotedtodescribingairplaneandhowtheyfly.第2章致力于描述飞机和他们是如何飞行的。Thesedescriptionsofcategory,classes,andtypeareusedbytheFAAindefiningpilot种类,等级,和型的这些描述被联邦航空局用在定义飞行员限制方面。limitations.Yourpilotcertificatewillalwaysspecifyeachcategoryandclassofaircraftyoumay你的飞行员证书将总是指明你能合法驾驶一种种类和级别的航空器。legallyoperate.Whenyoumoveuptojet-poweredaircraftoranyaircraftthathasamaximum当你达到驾驶喷气动力的航空器或任何具有超过12,500磅最大起飞重量(大takeoffweightofover12,500pounds(aboutthesizeofaLearjetorbigger)youwillneedatype约是Learjet的尺寸或更大)的航空器时,你将需要你要飞的牌号和样式的型号等级ratingineachmakeandmodelyoufly.Theterm“category”isalsousedinanothercontext:Inthe“类别“这个词也被应用于另一种情况:在航空器证书certificationofaircraft,categoryreferstotheoperatinglimitationsorintendeduseoftheaircraft.方面,“类别“指的是操纵限制或航空器的应用意图。Theaircraft’sOperatingHandbookwilldiscusseachcategoryforwhichitiscertifiedandthe航空器的操作手册将会讨论它所检定的每个种类和遵守的限制。limitationstobeobserved.ThereisonetypeofairbornevehiclethatisnotrecognizedbytheFAA.Anultralightisa这有一种没有被FAA认可的空运交通工具。超轻型(飞行器)是lightweight,single-person,recreationalaircraftlikethatshowninfigure1.2.TheFAAdefines一种重量轻,单人乘,娱乐的航空器,就像图1.2所示。FAA把他们定义为theseas“vehicles”anddoesnotregulatetheirdesignorconstruction.Youdonotneedapilot’s“交通工具”而没有管制它们的设计或结构。你不需要飞行员证书就可以进行驾驶飞行。certificatetoflyone.Youwillneedapilot’scertificatetoflyanykindofairplane,andyouwillneedtraining飞行任何一种飞机你都需要飞行员许可证,而且在你获得许可证之前需要进行培训。beforeyouobtainthatcertificate.LessonTwoText课文ThePartsofanAirplane飞机的部件Figure2.1showsthebasiccomponentsofanairpl