argumentation-1

ArgumentationWhatisArgumentation?ArgumentationanditsimportanceArgumentationisthetypeofwritinginwhichwriterstrytoencouragereaderstoaccepttheirpointofviewonacontroversialissue.Inargumentation,writersuseobjective,logicalreasoning,facts,andhardevidencetodemonstratethesoundnessofaposition.Theirpurposeistoencouragereaderstoaccepttheirpointofview.ArgumentationanditsimportanceImportance--Wecanuseargumentationtomakeapointinaclassdiscussion,persuadeafiendtolendyoumoney,ortalkanemployerintogivingyouadayoff.Becomingskilledinclear,logicreasoning,wecomeabettercriticofadvertisements,politicalspeechesandtheotherpersuasiveappealsweseeandheareveryday.Argumentation•Whatisargumentation?•Itsdefinitionanditsimportance•Howtowriteanargumentationessay?•Twoforms,procedureandstructure•HowtowriteaGOODargumentationessay?•Convinceyourreader/audience•Recognizetheopposition•PowerofwordsBasicStructureIntroductionBodyConclusionUsingParagraphstoFocustheArgument•1.OpeningParagraghs（point）•2.SupportingParagraphs(evidences)•3.ConcludingParagraphsAttention•(1)Adebatablepoint•(2)Sufficientevidence•(3)Goodlogic•(4)Clearlogic•(5)Gooduseoftheotherthreetypesofwriting-description,narration,andespeciallythevariousmethodsofexposition.•(6)AnhonestandfriendlyattitudeAdebatablepoint•Chinesedoctorsuseacupunctureanesthesiatoperformcertainoperations.•Acupunctureanesthesiashouldreplaceconventionalanesthesiainalloperations.Adebatablepoint•LadyGagaismyfavoritestar.•LadyGagaisthemostpopularstarofthe21thcentury.Adebatablepoint•Noisepollutionisharmfultopeople'shealth.•Noisepollutionisthemostharmfulofallenvironmentalpollution.Sufficientevidence•commonknowledge;•specificexamples;•hard,notsoft,evidence,•facts,notopinions,•statistics;•quotationsfromauthorities•famoussayingGoodlogic•A.Allhumanbeingsmakemistakes.(premise)•B.Xisahumanbeing.(premise)•C.Therefore,Xmakesmistakes.(conclusion)BadPremise–BadLogic•A.allstudentslovetostudy.(premise)•B.Xisastudent.(premise)•C.Therefore,Xlovetostudy.(conclusion)BadPremise–BadLogic•A.allfemalestarsarebeautiful.(premise)•B.Fengisafemalestar.(premise)•C.Therefore,sheisbeautiful.(conclusion)Model(foreveryargument)Premise1Premise2Premise3…PremisenTherefore,ConclusionExamplesEveryrightplacesacorrespondingobligationuponsomeone.IfIhavearighttolife,thenyouhaveanobligationnottokillme.Ifyouhavearighttofreepassage,thenIhaveanobligationnottohinderyourprogress.Ifwebothhavearighttobetreatedequallybeforethelaw,thensocietyhasanobligationtoseethatthisisso.Premisecluewords:•becauseIknowhelovesme,becauseIsawheoftensmiledatmeandstaredatmeaffectionately.•SinceShemusthaveriddenwithJohn,sinceshedoesn’thaveherowncar.•ForIfyouloveaperson,youmustspendtimewiththatperson,forrelationshipsmustdevelop.Conclusioncluewords:•thereforeTheworldisawonderfullyorderedplace.ThereforeitmusthavebeenmadebyGod.•thusIsawthemtogetherholdinghands.Thus,Idecidedthattheyweremorethanfriends.•henceShedidn’tcallmeback,henceshemustnotwanttogo.•soHeisalwaysrudetome,soIfigurehedoesn’tlikeme.•itfollowsthatSeanwasn’tattheparty,andifshelikedJohn,shewouldhavebeenthere.Itfollowsthatshedoesn’tlikeJohn.1.Playingviolentvideogamesdoesnotcausetheplayertoactviolentlyinreallife.ExercisesConstructanargumentfor:Example:“Myroommateplaysviolentvideogamesallthetime,andhe’sthemostnon-violentpersonIknow.Soitmustbethatplayingviolentvideogamesdoesnotcausetheplayertoactviolentlyinreallife.”2.Gettingadegreeinfinanceismoreusefulthangettingadegreeinphilosophy.Example:“Therearelotsofjobsadvertisedforpeoplewithfinancedegrees.Butthereareveryfewjobsthatadvertiseforpeoplewithdegreesinphilosophy.Thereforegettingadegreeinfinanceismoreusefulthangettingadegreeinphilosophy.”Constructanargumentfor:4.Itiswrongtoeatanimals.Example:“Animalswanttoliveandcanfeelpainjustlikehumanscan.Soitiswrongtoeatanimals.”Constructanargumentfor:5.Wehaveamoralobligationtopayourtaxes.Example:“Wehaveamoralobligationtopayourtaxes,sinceeachofusbenefitsinmanywaysfromserviceswhichareprovidedthroughtaxfunds.”Constructanargumentfor:1.OpeningParagraghsattractreaders’attentionsoothereaders’possiblehostilitytowardoursubject2.SupportingParagraphs☺example☺definition☺causeandeffect☺comparisonandcontrast☺analogySupportingbycauseandeffect•Identifythecauseandeffect•Theconstructionofcauseandeffectcanbedividedintofourtypes:1.simplecause:cause→effect2.complexcause:cause1+cause2+…→effect3.complexeffect:cause→effect1+effect2+effect3…4.chainofcauseandeffect:cause1→effect1(cause2)→effect2(cause3)…Supportingbycomparisonandcontrast•Alternatingtype:A1B1,A2B2,A3B3,…•Blocktype:A1,2,3,4,…B1,2,3,4,…•Supportingbyanalogy3.ConcludingParagraphs•Summarize•Bringthefullforceofourargumenttoclosethepaper•Makealastappeal•StronglyrestatepropositionTheBasicFormandStructureofArgumentsPropositionArgumentOrganizingourideasinmuchthesamewayasinexpositorypapers:athesisstatingourposition,followedbysupportingreasonsandevidence.Ourevidenceherewouldbeonhowreaderswouldbenefit.Problem-solutionArgumentStatingaproblemandthenconvincingreadersoursolutionwouldbethebest.•Example1PrintedBooksasaBetterS