十--英语词汇的新发展

第十单元英语词汇的新发展一．新词和新词学习二．新词发展的原因三．英语新词的翻译I.什么是新词Neologisms1.Somepeoplethinkitaneasymattertocreateanewwordforsomenewideaornewartifactwithoutbasingitonsomepreexistingwordorpartofaword,anditjustwasapurelyarbitrarycombinationofletters,justlike:BlurbKodakQuarkTylenol一．新词和新词学习Intheworldofmarketing,suchcreationsgenerallyaretheresultofmassivecommercialresearchefforts.2.Actually,mostofthenewwordsthatevenadvertisingexpertscomeupwitharederivedfromoldwords,justlike:AleveLubridermNewwordsreflectourculture1.AstheAmericanwriterandeditorHowardRheingoldsays，“Findinganameforsomethingisawayofconjuringitsexistence,ofmakingitpossibleforpeopletoseeapatternwheretheydidnotseesomethingbefore.”Sonewwords’mostimportantjobistohelpusnameordescribewhatisintheworld.2.Iflanguagedescribestheworld,andiftheworldchanges,thenlanguagemustalsochangeasawayofkeepingupwiththeworld.Soeachnewwordreflectssomethingabouttheculture.HereisthelexicographerVictoriaNeufeldtonthisneologism-as-cultural-reflectionidea:Theneologismsthatespeciallycaptureourattentionareindeedremarkable;somewiththeirmetaphoricalbaggagecanconstituteminiaturesociologicalstudiesinthemselveslikeMcJob,forinstance,whichforcomprehensiondependsonalltheassociationsandconnotationsofthenameMcDonald’s,aswellasanawarenessofthedifficultiesofthecurrentemploymentsituation,inparticularfornewgraduateswantingtoentertheworkforce.Ⅱ.新词研究Researchofnewwords1.Itisvaluabletosetoffnewwordstypographicallysothatwemayreflectonthechangestheysignal.2.However,listsofnewwords,bythemselves,wouldbeindigestibleanunreadable.3.ThereforeGozzi.R.hassortedthesewordsintorelatedcategoriesandthistechniquecontextualizesthenewwords,andalsoallowustoseewhatstoriescanbetoldwiththem.Ⅲ.新词研究的意义Whystudynewwords1.Newwordsarethecuttingedgeoflanguage.Theycarvesoundsintonewshapesandgiveformtonewaspectsofexperience.2.Recallingandpointingoutthenewwordsservesausefulpurpose:forthosewhohavelivedthroughtheperiodstudies,asawaytolookbackandimaginewhatlifewaslikebeforetheyhadtheword.3.Anewwordisacondensed,codifiedbitofexperience.Thereforenewwordsaremakersofculturalattention.Bystudyingnewwords,wecantellwheretheculturehasnewlyfocuseditsattention,whatithasbeentalkingabout.Newwordsanswertheeternalquestion:whatisnew?4.Puttingnewwordstogethercantellstoriesandgainperspectivesonthechangesofthetimes.5.Newwordsarelargelypartoftheworkingvocabularyoftheculture.Theyareinuse,doingwhatlanguagedoseandcarvingoutaninterpretedreality,withinwhichwelive,think,andact,tosomeextent,wefollowwheretheirimplicationsleadus.6.Soastudyofnewwordsbecomesastudyinprediction.Usingthisviewoflanguageasareality-constructor,wecanaskourselvesjustwhatlabelsandwhatinterpretationsourvocabularyprovideuswithtofacethenewnessofthefuture.二、新词发展的原因ThechangeofvocabularyInventoryofwords◆英语词汇的发展ThevocabularyofEnglishisnotanunchanginglistsofwords.Newwordsenterthelanguageeveryday,andwordsceasetobeused.Thetwosourcesofnewwordsareborrowingandword-creation.WeborrowedmainlyfromLatin,Greek,French.ThechangeofvocabularyInventoryofwordsAquickscanofacoupleofpagesinthatrecordstheoriginofourvocabularyrevealsthatmanyentriesinitarehistorically“un-English”Rapidgrowthofhigh-techlanguagePoliticizationintechnopollsThecomputerinterface◆社会文化原因TheprogressofmodernscienceandtechnologyisthemainreasonforthedevelopmentofEnglishnewwords.Likeblackhole(黑洞)neutrino(中微子)nanometer(纳米)radar(雷达)hovercraft(气垫船)laser(激光)ⅠRapidgrowthofhigh-techlanguageThechangesintheworldeconomicsituationcanoftenbereflectedinEnglishwordsandexpressions.Withtheincreaseinthenumberofusers,someofthenewwordshavestabilized.ToExpressspecificmeaningtoreflectsomeprominentpoliticalrhetoricorrhetoricfeaturesSuchasmeritocracyhomophobiapoliticalcorrectnessⅡPoliticizationintechnopolls电脑由desktop(台式)发展到laptop(便携式)，又发展到Palmtop（掌上）。电脑技术的迅猛发展带来的新词比比皆是。Internet的蓬勃发展早已让、webpage、website、webbrowser、webphone、webserver等广为流行。ⅢThecomputerinterfaceSoifsomeonesay“KISS”“PM”“out-of-pocket”oninternet,whatdoesitmeans?MentalrulesTherarityofgoogols◆新词发展中的人类认知作用Hownewswordscometobe合成法词缀法转换法拼缀法重新分析法重叠法首字母缩略法三.英语新词的翻译“LoanSyllables”and“CalqueSyllables”Hirano(1994)statesthataloanwordwillbeborrowedasclosetotheoriginalformaspossible.Therearetwowaysofbeingtruetothatoriginalformsbycopyingtheword'smeaning(acalque/translation)bycopyingtheword'ssound(atransliteration)Transliteration(音译）：yinggelanfor“England”Translation/Calque(仿造译法):chuzuqiche,literally“rentoutautomobile”,meaning“taix”谢谢聆听作者：YourName