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自考英语语言学复习大纲Chapter1Introduction绪论1.Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学1.1Definition:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasscientificstudyoflanguage.语言学普遍被定义为对语言进行的科学研究。2.Whatislanguage?什么是语言？2.1Definitions:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是用于人类交流的一个任意的语音符号系统。(1)languageisasystem(2)languageisarbitrary(3)languageisvocal(4)languageishumanspecificChapter2Phonology音位学1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage语言的语音媒介2.Phonetics语音学a.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.普通语言学。b.Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.语音学c.Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.音位学d.Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.形态学e.Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.句法学f.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.语义学g.Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.语用学h.Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.社会语言学i.Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.心理语言学j.Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgeneralknownasappliedlinguistics.应用语言学h.Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,(人类语言学)neurologicallinguistics(神经语言学),mathematicallinguistics(数字语言学)andcomputationallinguistics(计算机语言学).1.2Thescopeoflinguistics语言学的研究范畴a.语言的任意性（武断性）Arbitrarinessb.语言的能产性Productivityc.语言的双重性Dualityd.语言的移位性Displacemente.语言的文化传递性Culturaltransmission1Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性2Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性(Saussure)3SpeechandWriting口头语和书面语4LangueandParole(bothfromFrenchwords)语言（抽象）和言语（具体）(Saussure)5CompetenceandPerformance语言能力与语言运用(Chomsky)1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学研究中的一些重要的区分2.2Designfeatures语言的甄别性特征Hockett人类语言和其他动物的交际系统区别开来的一些特征语言学内部的主要分支跨学科分支2.1Definition:phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.语音学关注的是语言世界中的所有声音↘threepointsofview2.2Organsofspeech从三个角度审视语言的发音器官2.3Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds—broadandnarrowtranscriptionsIPA-InternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标语音的正字表征—宽式标音和严式标音Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds:两种标音方法2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds英语语音的分类(1)articulatoryphonetics发音语音学→研究语言的产生(2)auditoryphonetics听觉语音学→研究语言怎样被感知(3)acousticphonetics声学语音学→研究语音的物理属性Thepharyngealcavity咽腔(thethroat)→喉咙Theoralcavity口腔(themouth)→嘴巴Thenasalcavity鼻腔(thenose)→鼻子Oneisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlycalledbroadtranscription.Theotheristhetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticscallednarrowtranscription.stops闭塞音/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/fricatives摩擦音/f/,/v/,/s/,/z/,/ʃ/,/ʒ/,/θ/,/ð/,/h/affricates塞擦音/tʃ/,/dʒ/liquids流音/l/,/r/nasals鼻音/m/,/n/,/ŋ/glides滑音/w/,/j/bilabial双唇音/p/,/b/,/m/,/w/labiodental唇齿音/f/,/v/dental齿音/θ/,/ð/alveolar齿龈音/t/,/s/,/d/,/z/,/n/,/l/,/r/palatal鄂音/ʃ/,/ʒ/,/tʃ/,/dʒ/,/j/velar软腭音/k/,/g/,/ŋ/glottal喉音/h/Front前元音/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/,/a/Central中元音/ɜ:/,/ə/,/ʌ/back后元音/u:/,/u/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/,/a:/closevowels闭元音/i:/,/i/,/ɜ:/,/u/semi-closevowels半闭元音/e/,/ɜ:/semi-openvowels半开元音/ə/,/ɔ:/openvowels开元音/æ/,/a/,/ʌ/,/ɔ/,/a:/Consonants辅音intermsofmannerofarticulation按照发音方式intermsofplaceofarticulation按照发音部位Vowels元音thepositionofthetongueinthemouth按照舌在口腔的位置theopennessofthemouth按照嘴的张合度theshapeofthelips按照嘴唇形状thelengthofthevowels按照音的长度roundedvowels圆唇元音/u:/,/u/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/unroundedvowels不圆唇元音/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/,/a/,/ɜ:/,/ə/,/ʌ/longvowels长元音/a:/,/ɔ:/,/ə:/,/i:/,/u:/shortvowels短元音/ʌ/,/ɔ/,/ə/,/i/,/u/,/e/,/æ/monophthong单元音在元音中还有一些双元音(diphthong),包括：/ei/,/ai/,/au/,/əu/,/ɔi/,/iə/,/εə/,/uə/3.Phonology音位学3.1phonologyandphonetics音位学和语音学3.2phone,phoneme,allophone音素、音位和音位变体3.3Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair音位对立，互补分布和最小对立体3.4Somerulesinphonology3.5SuprasegmentalfeaturesChapter3Morphology形态学1.Definition:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规律。2.Morpheme词素2.1Definition:Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.正如音位是音位学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。2.2Typesofmorphemes词素的分类2.2.3Morphologicalrules:Morphologicalrulesaretherulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypesofstemtoformanewword.形态学规则主要指英语中通过派生方式构成新词的构词规则，即将词缀加到词干上去构成新词的规则。3.Compounding复合法3.1Typesofcompoundwords3.2FeaturesofcompoundsSequentialrules序列规则Assimilationrules同化规则Deletionrule省略规则Stress重音Tone声调Intonation语调freemorphemes自由词素boundmorphemes黏着词素roots词根affixes词缀inflectionalaffixes曲折词缀derivationalaffixes派生词缀prefix前缀suffix后缀1)Orthographically,acompoundcanbewrittenasonewordwithorwithoutahypheninbetween,orastwoseparatewords.在拼写上，复合词既可以写成一个词，中间加连字符或不加连字符，也可以分开写。如armchair,follow-up,thunderbird2)Syntactically,thepartofspeechofthecompoundisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechofthesecondelement.在语法上，复合词的词性一般取决于复合词中第二个成分的词性。如icy-cold是形容词，head-strong也是形容词，greenhouse是名词。而例外的情况有：follow-up,crackdown,kickoff都是名词而不是副词，而toothpick,snowfall,facelift都是名词而不是动词。3)Semantically,themeaningofacompoundisoftenidiomatic,notalwaysbeingthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponents.在语意上，复合词的意义具有习语特性，许多复合词的意义都不是其构成成分的意义的总和。如hotdog,greenhouse等。4)Phonetically,thestresso