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PHARMACOLOGYEXPERIMENTINSTITUTEOFPHARMACOLOGYExperiment1Thebasicknowledgeandtechniqueofpharmacologicalexperiment1.thepurposeoraimforustohavethisclasslearnbasicorfundamentallaboratorytechniqueandskill.Andverifythetheorywehavelearnedinpharmacology.2.thelaboratoryanimalsthatweoftenusedinourexperimenttherearemanylaboratoryanimals.Indifferentexperiment,weneedtochoosetheappropriateanimals.Nextwewilltalkabouttheanimalsandtheircharacter1）frogortoad:theyareoftenusedinphysiologicalstudies,werarelyuseitinourpharmacologicalstudies.2）mouseormice:mouseisthemostfrequentlyusedanimalinourexperiment.Themainreasontheyarefrequentlyusedistheyareverycheap,about2-3yuanpermouse.Thesecondreasonistheyhavehighreproductionrateandeasytoraise.MiceareoftenusedinthescreeningtestofdrugorWhenwestudytheeffectofantineoplasticdrugs,analgesics,antitussivedrugsetc,ordetermineED50（medianeffectivedose）orLD50（medianlethaldose）ofadrug.3）rat:itisverylikemouseinshapebutismuchbiggerthanmouse.Itisveryfierce,theyhaveverysharpteethandbadtemper.Ifyouarenotcareful,youwillbebitebythem.Soifyouwanttograbthem,youneedtoputonthickgloves.Ratsarenotusedofteninourexperimentbutarewidelyusedinresearchstudy.Forexample,ratsareoftenusedinchronictoxicitytestorlong-termtoxicitytestinthepreclinicalstudyofadrug.4）guineapig:theyareverybeautifulandlovelyanimals.Theyareverytimidordocile（tender）andneverattackpeople.Inthestreet,youcanseesomepeoplesellguineapig.Someoneraiseitintheirhomeasapet.Ithasashortcoming:itcannotsynthesizeVitaminCbyitself.SoitneedstogetVitCfromfood.Youneedtofeeditwithsomecabbage,carrotetc.GuineapigisverysensitivetoakindofsubstanceHistamine(HA).Asaresultofthat,itwasoftenusedinthehypersensitivetest(allergicreaction)orthescreeningofanti-asthmaticdrug.5）rabbit:weareveryfamiliarwithrabbit,itisoftenusedtoobutalittleexpensive.Itsbodytemperatureisverystable.Soitistheassignedanimalinthepyrogentestduringthequalitycontrolofdrug.（pharmacopeia）Inourexperiment,weoftenuseittoobservetheeffectofsomedrugonthebloodpressure.6）cat:catisalsobadtemperedandirritableandnotoftenusedinourexperiment.Itsbloodpressureisverystable.Soitistheassignedanimalinthehypotensivesubstancetestduringthedrugqualitycontrol.7）dog:dogbelongstothelargeanimalinourexperimentandisnotoftenusedeither.Adogcancostseveralhundredyuan.Duringtheresearch,dogwasoftenchosentostudysomedrugworksoncardiovascularsystem.Forexample,whenwedosomeresearchonanti-arrhythmicdrugs,anti-anginaloranti-myocardialischemiadrugs.8）others:includingpig,goat,monkey.Theyarerarelyused.3.thestainingoftheanimalinourexperiment,weoftenusemorethanoneanimal,soweneedtomakesomemarkstodiscriminateeachanimal.Becausetheyalllookalike,weneedtostainonthedifferentplaceoftheirskintoidentifythem.Suchasneck,head,tail,back,legandsoon.Themostcommondyeweuseispicricacid(trinitrophenol)solution,ithasayellowcolor.Thiscolorcanlastforalongtimeontheskinoftheanimalandcannoteasilyfade.4.thefixingoftheanimalsDuringourexperiment,weneedtofixtheanimalfordrugadministrationandforotheroperations.Todifferentanimal,themethodoffixingisalsodifferent.Next,Iwillshowyouhowtograspandfixtheanimalsafely.1）mouse:therearetwowayswefixthemouse.Thefirstisdouble-handmethod:lookatme.Iwillshowyouhowtogetthemousewithtwohands,grabthetailofthemousewithyourrighthand,andputitonarough(coarse)surface,notasmoothsurface.Usethelefthandtograbtheskinaroundtheneckandback.Thesecondwayissingle-handmethod.Onlyuseyourlefthandtofixtheanimal.2）rat:thesameasmouse.Needtobemorecarefulandathickglove3）guineapig:iseasytodealwith.Youcangrabitanyway.4）rabbit:therightwaytofixtherabbitis:grabtheskininthebackwiththerighthand,andcarryitsbuttockwiththelefthand.Thiswaytherabbitwillfeelverycomfortableandnotstruggle.Thenyoucanputtherabbitintothefixingbox.Thewrongway:grabitstwoears,thatwillhurttherabbit,anditwillnotcooperate。5.anesthesiamethodsometimewhenwedosomeoperationorcollectblood,weneedtoanesthetizetheanimal.Themethodincludetwo:1）localanesthesia:weusuallyneedtwodrugs:procaineandlidocaine.thewayofinjectionissubcutaneousinjection.2）generalanesthesia:includeinhalationanesthesiaandinjectionanesthesiainhalationanesthesia:etherinjectionanesthesia:pentobarbitalsodium/urethaneip/iv6.drugadministration1）howtouseaninjector/orsyringe2）thewayofdrugadministrationinclude:ig（administrationbygavage）,im(intramuscularinjection),iv(intravenousinjection),sc(subcutaneousinjection),ip(intraperitonealinjection)abdominalcavity(腹腔)3）Mouse:ig:Useanspecialinjector.Thetipofitisbluntedfornothurtingtheesophagus.Theinjectorwasacrossthepalatetotheesophagus.Becarefulnotinserttheinjectortotrachea（air-tube）,ifthemousebecamecyanosis,stopandtryagain.Themaximalcontentis1mlpermouse.ip:therearethreepointsthatyouneedtopayattention:position/angel/drawback..firstthepositionofinjectionisintheabdomen,nottoohigh,nottoolow,iftoohigh,livermaybehurt,iftoolow,bladdermaybehurt.Second,theangleshouldbeabout45degree.Iftoosmall,thedrugmaybeinjectedintosubcutaneouslayer.Iftoolarge(perpendicular),mayhurttheorganintheabdomen.Third,afterthesyringeneedlehasbeenintheabdomen,beforeinje