02-Main-ideas

ChapterTwo:MainIdeas“What’sthepoint?”Peopleaskthisquestionwhentheywanttoknowaspeakerorwriter’smainidea.Determiningthemainidea,orpoint,isthemostimportantkeytogoodcomprehension.Whatistheauthor’spointinthiscartoon?©RandyGlasbergen.’spointisthatthemarriagehasproblems.Noticethatthewifesupportsherpointwithsolidexamples:1.Herhusbandlikestospendmoney;shelikestosaveit.2.Heisanightperson;sheisadayperson.3.Helikessports;shehatessports.Tofindthemainideaofareadingselection,askyourselfthisquestion:“Whatisthepointtheauthoristryingtomake?”Whatistheauthor’spointinthefollowingparagraph?P51Schoolbullieshavebeenaroundaslongastherehavebeenschools.Studiesrevealseveralreasonswhysomechildrenbecomebullies.Researchshowsthatacertaincombinationofsizeandpersonalitymaybeonefactor.Bigger,moreaggressivechildrenaremorelikelytotrytodominatetheirsmaller,quieterpeers.AnotherfactorlinkedtobullyingisoverexposuretoviolentTVprograms.BythetimetheaverageAmericanchildistenyearsold,heorshehaswatchedthousandsofactsofviolence,includingassaultandmurder.Suchexposurecanleadtoaggressionandviolence.Finally,exposuretorealviolenceisafactorinbullying.Studiesindicatethatvictimsofbulliesoftenturnintobulliesthemselves.Whetherabusedbyfamilymembersortormentedbyotherkids,bulliestypicallylearntheirbehaviorfromothers.Lookcloselyintotheeyesofabully,andyoumaybelookingintotheeyesofaformervictim.Point:Studiesrevealseveralreasonswhysomechildrenbecomebullies.•Thinkofthemainideaasan“umbrellaidea.”Themainideaistheauthor’sgeneralpoint;alltheothermaterialoftheparagraphfitsunderit.•Thatothermaterialismadeupofsupportingdetails—specificevidencesuchasexamples,causes,reasons,orfacts.•Thediagrambelowshowstherelationship.Whatthreeadditionwords过渡词areusedintheparagraphonbulliestosignalthethreemajorsupportingdetails?Schoolbullieshavebeenaroundaslongastherehavebeenschools.Studiesrevealseveralreasonswhysomechildrenbecomebullies.Researchshowsthatacertaincombinationofsizeandpersonalitymaybeonefactor.Bigger,moreaggressivechildrenaremorelikelytotrytodominatetheirsmaller,quieterpeers.AnotherfactorlinkedtobullyingisoverexposuretoviolentTVprograms.BythetimetheaverageAmericanchildistenyearsold,heorshehaswatchedthousandsofactsofviolence,includingassaultandmurder.Suchexposurecanleadtoaggressionandviolence.Finally,exposuretorealviolenceisafactorinbullying.Studiesindicatethatvictimsofbulliesoftenturnintobulliesthemselves.Whetherabusedbyfamilymembersortormentedbyotherkids,bulliestypicallylearntheirbehaviorfromothers.Lookcloselyintotheeyesofabully,andyoumaybelookingintotheeyesofaformervictim.Theadditionwordsareone,another,andfinally.Schoolbullieshavebeenaroundaslongastherehavebeenschools.Studiesrevealseveralreasonswhysomechildrenbecomebullies.Researchshowsthatacertaincombinationofsizeandpersonalitymaybeonefactor.Bigger,moreaggressivechildrenaremorelikelytotrytodominatetheirsmaller,quieterpeers.AnotherfactorlinkedtobullyingisoverexposuretoviolentTVprograms.BythetimetheaverageAmericanchildistenyearsold,heorshehaswatchedthousandsofactsofviolence,includingassaultandmurder.Suchexposurecanleadtoaggressionandviolence.Finally,exposuretorealviolenceisafactorinbullying.Studiesindicatethatvictimsofbulliesoftenturnintobulliesthemselves.Whetherabusedbyfamilymembersortormentedbyotherkids,bulliestypicallylearntheirbehaviorfromothers.Lookcloselyintotheeyesofabully,andyoumaybelookingintotheeyesofaformervictim.Threestrategieswillhelpyoufindthemainidea1)lookforgeneralversusspecificideas;2)usethetopic(thegeneralsubjectofasection)toleadyoutothemainidea;3)usecluewords(提示词)toleadyoutoamainidea.listword(列举词),additionword(补充过渡词)ExercisesP55Practice2-1,2,3P56Practice3P62Practice6-4,5P63Practice7-2,4Amainideamayappearatanypointinaparagraph.However,itusuallyisatthebeginning,aseitherthefirstorsecondsentence.MainIdeaattheBeginningSupportingDetailSupportingDetailSupportingDetailSupportingDetailORMainIdeaSupportingDetailSupportingDetailSupportingDetailMainIdeaIntroductoryDetailLocationsofthemainideaMainIdeaattheBeginningSpankingisapoorwaytoshapeachild’sbehavior.Foronething,spankingwillresultinfeelingsofangerandfrustration.Thechild,then,willnotlearnanythingpositivefromthepunishment.Inaddition,spankingmayactuallyleadtomorebadbehavior.Havinglearnedthathittingisokay,thechildmayattacksmallerchildren.Finally,spankingteacheschildrentohidecertainactionsfromtheirparents.Onceoutoftheirparents’sight,however,childrenmayfeeltheycangetawaywiththebadbehavior.MainIdeaintheMiddleIntroductoryDetailIntroductoryDetailSupportingDetailSupportingDetailMainIdeaMainIdeaattheEndSupportingDetailSupportingDetailSupportingDetailSupportingDetailMainIdeaMainIdeaattheBeginningandEndSupportingDetailSupportingDetailSupportingDetailMainIdeaMainIdeaMainIdeaInthemiddleCaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamefederallaws.Buttheyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.Mobility–bothphysicalandpsychological–hasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians;lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEngl