挡土墙设计(很全面)-(1)

测量是工程的眼睛，要求精确零失误，测量中一个数字的差错，一条界限的改动，就可以导致实际工作中不可估量的损失customerqualificationpreliminaryexaminationofthematerialoftheborrowerfortheloanperson,determinewhetheryoumeettheloanconditions(standardspecificationfordetailsoftheconditionsthefifthchapter5.1loansandborrowerconditions).3.agreeloanpersondecidestoaccept,accordingtointerviews...First,thejurisdictionoftheheadoffice,branchesandriskmanagement,operationalmanagementshouldbestrengthenedontheBankpersonalloanmonitoring,inspection,managementandguidance.Second,relatedpersonnelirregularities,accordingtoqilubankcreditsoperationalresponsibilityandaccountabilityforimplementationandtheqilubankemployeeviolationsofregulationsdealingwithregulationsandotherrelevantrulesofpunishmentandaccountability.9.Accordingtofile,andrelatedsystemfile9.1accordingtofilea,andloanGeneralII,andpersonalloanmanagementprovisionalapproach9.2relatedsystemfileqiluBankpersonalloanmanagementapproach10.recordstablesinglerecordstablesingle1:personalloancustomertalkrecordrecordstablesingle2:personalborrowingapplicationsrecordstablesingle3:personalloanincomeprovedrecordstablesingle4:personalloansurveydeclaredtablerecordstablesingle5:authorizedAttorney(sample)recordstablesingle6:Personalmosthighborrowingsupportwithapplicationapprovaltablerecordstablesingle7:personalsinglepencycleborrowingapplicationapprovaltablerecordstablesingle8:drawingapplicationsrecordstablesingle9:qiluBankpersonalmosthighborrowingsupportwithsinglerecordstablesingle10:arrived(quality)betrealrightprovedstoragelistingrecordstablesingle11:stoppaidnoticerecordstablesingle挡土墙设计第8-1节概述一、挡土墙的分类及用途为防止路基填土或山坡土体坍塌而修筑的承受土体侧压力的墙式构造物，称为挡土墙。在公路工程中，它广泛地用于支撑路堤填土或路堑边坡，以及桥台、隧道洞口和河流堤岸等处。路基工程中，挡土墙的建筑费用较高，故路基设计时，应与其他可能的工程方案进行技术经济比较，择优选定。公路工程中的挡土墙主要按下述几种方法进行分类。按照挡土墙设置的位置，挡土墙可分为：路堑墙、路堤墙、路肩墙和山坡墙等类型，如图2-5-1所示。按照结构形式，挡土墙可分为：重力式挡土墙、锚定式挡土墙、薄壁式挡土墙、加筋土挡土墙等。按照墙体材料，挡土墙可分为：石砌挡土墙、混凝土挡土墙、钢筋混凝土挡土墙、钢板挡土墙等。挡土墙各部分名称如图2-5-1a)所示。靠回填土或山体的一侧面称为墒背；外露的一侧面称为墙面．也称墙胸；墙的顶面部分称为墙顶；墙的底面部分称为基底或墙底；墙面与墙底的交线称为墙趾；墙背与墙底的变线称为墙踵；墙背与铅垂线的夹角称为墙背倾角a。挡土墙设置位置不同，其用途也不相同。路堑墙设置在路堑边坡底部，主要用于支撑开挖后不能自行稳定的山坡，同时可减少挖方数量，降低挖方边坡的高度(图2-5-1a)。路堤墙设置在高填土路提或陡坡路堤的下方，可以防止路堤边坡或路堤沿基底滑动，同时可以收缩路堤坡脚，减少填方数量，减少拆迁和占地面积(图2-5-1b)。路肩墙设置在路肩部位，墙顶是路肩的组成部分，其用途与路堤墙相同。它还可以保护临近路线的既有的重要建筑物(图2-5-1c)。沿河路堤，在傍水的一侧设置挡土墙，可以防止水流对路基的冲刷和侵蚀，也是减少压缩河床的有效措施(图2-5-1d)。山坡墙设置在路堑或路堤上方，用于支撑山坡上可能坍滑的覆盖层、破碎岩层或山体滑坡(图2-5-1e、图2-5-1f)。测量是工程的眼睛，要求精确零失误，测量中一个数字的差错，一条界限的改动，就可以导致实际工作中不可估量的损失customerqualificationpreliminaryexaminationofthematerialoftheborrowerfortheloanperson,determinewhetheryoumeettheloanconditions(standardspecificationfordetailsoftheconditionsthefifthchapter5.1loansandborrowerconditions).3.agreeloanpersondecidestoaccept,accordingtointerviews...First,thejurisdictionoftheheadoffice,branchesandriskmanagement,operationalmanagementshouldbestrengthenedontheBankpersonalloanmonitoring,inspection,managementandguidance.Second,relatedpersonnelirregularities,accordingtoqilubankcreditsoperationalresponsibilityandaccountabilityforimplementationandtheqilubankemployeeviolationsofregulationsdealingwithregulationsandotherrelevantrulesofpunishmentandaccountability.9.Accordingtofile,andrelatedsystemfile9.1accordingtofilea,andloanGeneralII,andpersonalloanmanagementprovisionalapproach9.2relatedsystemfileqiluBankpersonalloanmanagementapproach10.recordstablesinglerecordstablesingle1:personalloancustomertalkrecordrecordstablesingle2:personalborrowingapplicationsrecordstablesingle3:personalloanincomeprovedrecordstablesingle4:personalloansurveydeclaredtablerecordstablesingle5:authorizedAttorney(sample)recordstablesingle6:Personalmosthighborrowingsupportwithapplicationapprovaltablerecordstablesingle7:personalsinglepencycleborrowingapplicationapprovaltablerecordstablesingle8:drawingapplicationsrecordstablesingle9:qiluBankpersonalmosthighborrowingsupportwithsinglerecordstablesingle10:arrived(quality)betrealrightprovedstoragelistingrecordstablesingle11:stoppaidnoticerecordstablesingle为一个整体。在这个整体中起控制作用的是填土与拉筋之间的摩擦力。面板的作用是阻挡填土坍落挤出，迫使填土与拉筋结合为整体。加筋土挡土墙属于柔性结构，对地基变形适应性大，建筑高度大，具有省工、省料、施工方便、快速等优点，适用于填土路基。3．锚定式挡土墙锚定式挡土墙可分为锚杆式和锚定板式两种。锚杆式挡土墙是由预制的钢筋混凝土立柱、挡土板构成墙面，与水平或倾斜的钢锚杆联合组成，如图2-5-3a)所示。锚杆的一端与立柱连接，另一端被锚固在山坡深处的稳定岩层或土层中。墙后侧向土压力由挡土板传结立柱，由锚杆与稳定岩层或上层之间的锚固力，使墙获得稳定。它适用于墙高较大，缺乏石料或挖基困难地区，具有锚固条件的路堑挡土墙。锚定板式挡土墙是由钢筋混凝土墙面、钢拉杆、锚走板以及其间的填土共同形成的一种组合挡土结构，如图2-5-3b)所示。它借助于埋在填土内的锚定板的抗拔力抵抗侧土压力，保持墙的稳定。锚定式挡土墙的特点在于构件断面小，工程量省，不受地基承载力的限制，构件可顶制．有利于实现结构轻型化和施工机械化。它适用于缺乏石料地区的路肩墙或路堤墙；4．薄壁式挡土墙薄壁式挡土墙属于钢筋混凝土结构，可以分为悬臂式和扶壁式两种。第8-2节重力式挡土墙的构造与布置常用的重力式挡土墙，一般由墙身、基础、排水设施和沉降、伸缩缝等几部分组成。(一)墙身1．墒背根据墙背倾斜方向的不同，墙身断面形式可分为仰斜、垂直、俯斜、凸形折线式和衡重式等几种．如图2-5-5所示。测量是工程的眼睛，要求精确零失误，测量中一个数字的差错，一条界限的改动，就可以导致实际工作中不可估量的损失customerqualificationpreliminaryexaminationofthematerialoftheborrowerfortheloanperson,determinewhetheryoumeettheloanconditions(standardspecificationfordetailsoftheconditionsthefifthchapter5.1loansandborrowerconditions).3.agreeloanpersondecidestoaccept,accordingtointerviews...First,thejurisdictionoftheheadoffice,branchesandriskmanagement,operationalmanagementshouldbestrengthenedontheBankpersonalloanmonitoring,inspection,managementandguidance.