英语国家社会与文化入门上册知识要点整理

Unit1.（选择、判断、填空）1.TheflagofBritain:UnionJack2.Thecapitalofeachcountry:3.ThetimejoiningtheBritishparliament:However,in1707byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments,ScotlandjoinedtheUnion.4.DifferencebetweentheBritishIsles,UK,GreatBritain,andEngland:BritishIsles:theislandofGreatBritaintheislandofIrelandsurroundingislesUK=GreatBritain+NorthernIrelandGreatBritain=England+Scotland+Wales5.ThefourmajorinvasionsinthehistoryofGreatBritain:Atfirst,EnglandwasoccupiedbyCelticpeople.Thenin43ADBritainwasinvadedbytheRomanempire.Result:EnglandandWalesbecameapartoftheRomanempirefornearly400years.theAngle-Saxoninvaded.Result:ThelandtheylivedbecameAngle-land,laterchangedintoEngland,thelanguagetheyspokenbecameEnglish.theVikingsinvaded.ResultinacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEngland,whichcanbeexpressedasSaxonversusDane.theNormans,WilliamofNormandyinvadedthiscountry.Result:ThismarksthelasttimethatanarmyfromoutsidetheBritishIslessucceededininvadingLondon:(P18)EnglandLondonScotlandEdinburghWalesCardiffNorthernIrelandBelfastUnit2（选择、判断、填空）NorthernIreland(oftencalledUlsterafteranancientIrishkingdom)1.ActivitiestoseekIrishindependence:Home-ruleTheEasterRisingof1916:wasthemostspectacularevent,inwhichtherebelstookoverDublin'sPostOffice,forcingtheBritishtoretakeitbymilitarymeans.2.Politicalparties:theSinnFeinpartylegalSDLP:SocialDemocraticandLabourPartyIRA:IrishRepublicanArmy(illegal)3.PoliticaltroublesinNorthernIreland(famous):IndigenousRomanCatholicsvs.ProtestantimmigratesPartition(分割):Thesouthern26countieswouldformanindependentfreestate,whilethe6north-easterncountieswouldremainapartoftheUK.(即26RepublicIreland,6NorthernIreland)4.theGoodFridayAgreement:(了解下，P36)Unit31.Processofstatebuilding:Theprocessofstate-buildinghasbeenoneofevolutionratherthanrevolution.2.TheoldestinstitutionofgovernmentinBritain:Britainisbothaparliamentarydemocracyandaconstitutionalmonarchy.3.Divinerightofkings:ItwasheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects.4.MagnaCarta:limitsontheking'sabilitytoabusehisroyalpower.5.theBillofRights:ensuredthattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.(WilliamofOrange时期)6.TheConstitution:(P49)7.Thefunctionsofparliament:（P49）8.Parliament:Thequeen:(symbolised,traditional)Sheislegallyheadoftheexecutive,anintegralpartofthelegislature,headofthejudiciary,commanderinchiefofthearmedforcesandsupremegovernoroftheChurchofEngland，aconfidantetothePrimeMinister（了解下）TheHouseofLords：donotreceivesalaries，bothsexistandelitist(了解下)LordsSpiritualhereditarypeersLordsTemporallifepeersTheHouseofCommons(P49)重要Unit41.Theimportanceofgeneralelections:(P67)重要2.Theelectoralcampaigns:(P67)3.Theformationofthegovernment:(P67)4.TheclasssystemintheUK:(P67)5.EthnicrelationsintheUK:(P67)了解下6.ThemainpoliticalpartiesintheUK:TheConservativeparty(newest):settinguptheNationalHealthServiceTheLabourparty:From1979to1997,theConservativePartywon4electionsinrowTheLiberalDemocrats:apartyofthemiddleMargaret-Thatcher改革(Therewerealsonegativeconsequences)了解下Unit5(判断、选择、填空)1、AbsoluteDecline2、RelativeDeclineoftheUKeconomy:(P81)重要3、thereasonforitsrelativedecline:(了解下)thecountryhadgoneheavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewartheeraofempirewasoverLargemilitaryexpensesOutdatedindustriesandless-competitiveproductsAlackofcloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks4.ThedivisionofBritishindustries:Primaryindustries(miningindustry矿业)Secondaryindustries(steelindustry钢铁业)Tertiaryindustries(insurance保险，thesellingofgoods)5.TheCity:ThenamegiventothehistoricareaatthecentreofLondon6.TheLondonStockExchange:TheheartoftheCity（伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）Unit6（填空、选择、判断）1.Beowulf:OneoftheoldestoftheseearlyOldEnglishliteraryworksisalongpoemfromAnglo-SaxontimescalledBeowulf.2.GeoffreyChaucer：TheCanterburyTales3.ElizabethanDrama:Marlowe：TheTragicalHistoryofDrFaustusWilliamShakespeare：RomeoandJulietTheTamingoftheShrewHamletAMidsummerNight'sDreamtragediesOthellocomediesTwelfthNight（重要）KingLearTheTempestMacbeth.historyplays：RichardIII,RichardII,HenryIV,andHenryV.JuliusCaesar，AntonyandCleopatra4.The17thCentury:JohnMilton:ParadiseLost5.The18thCentury:JonathanSwift:Gulliver'sTravels6.TheRomanticPeriod:WilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge：LyricalBallads（markedthebeginningoftheRomanticPeriod.）GeorgeGordon,LordByronThreemenJohnKeatsPercyByssheShelley7.TheNineteenthCenturyNovel:MaryShelley:FrankensteinSenseandSensibilityJaneAustenPrideandPrejudiceEmmaCharlotte:JaneEyretheBrontesistersEmily:WutheringHeightsAnnElizabethGaskell:NorthandSouthOliverTwistCharlesDickensDavidCopperfieldGreatExpectationsTheReturnoftheNativeThomasHardyTessoftheD’UrbervillesJudetheObscure8.Femalewritersinthe19thcenturyofBritain:MaryShelleyJaneAustentheBrontesistersElizabethGaskell9.20thCenturyLiterature:Twentiethcenturyliteraturecanbebroadlydividedintotwostylisticperiods:Modernism,andPostmodernism.JosephConrad：TheHeartofDarknessMrs.DallowayVirginiaWoolfTotheLighthouseOrlandoARoomofOne'sOwnD.H.Lawrence:SonsandLoversUnit71.ThepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystem:①providechildrenwithliter