极端微生物浅谈

()24120033JournalofCapitalNormalUniversity(NaturalScienceEdition)Vol.24,No.1Mar.200312(1,100083;2,100013).:,,.:Q93:2002203207.,().,,.1(extremophiles)(),.[1]2211(hotadaptedmicroorganism)(hyperthermopliius)(thermophiliemicrobes)(thermophs).90e,80e.70e~80e.40~60e.20,,.[2],[3],.[4]9(meth2anobacteriumthormoformicicum).212(coldadaptedmicroorganism)(psychrocophiles)(psy2chrotroplis),0e,20e,15e;0~5e,20e,35e,15e,20e.,.,,.,Ray[3](Can2didahumicola),,Feller[6],4e,18e.213(acidadaptedmicroorganism)(acidophiles)(acidplis),pH310,110~215.pH510,pH310~415.,,.,.75,510.[7](Rho2dopseudomcmasacidoplila).214(alkaliadaptedmicroorganism)(alkuliphiles)(alkalitolci2aril)pH9~10,pH8,pH,pH.1928DownieA.WStueptoccusfaecalis,,,Hori2Koshu[8]N-4(Alkalo2philicBacillasSP),[9]No.1021,pH8~13,10~11,,,,.215(saltadaptedmicroorganism)(extremelalophoto)(me2halotolerant),;,.10%~20%,WadiNatrun,Owen[10].,[11](Natronobacteriuminnernongoliae),,[12](Natronobacte2riuminnernongoliae)Y21(Natrilbawudu2naoensis).216(Baroadaptedmicroorganism)(Barophiles)(Barotolerant),,.017~018MPa,1104MPa,014~015MPa.,.217,,.[11](Natronobacteriamcnnermor2goliae),NaCl12%~30%,pH718~1014..3,,.,16sRNA,[13].,,(Eucaria)(Bacteria)(Archaea)[14215].1.ARCHAEAPyrodictiumThermoproteusThermococcalesMethanococcalesMethanobacteriasMetharom,crobialeBACTERIAFlavobacteriaCyanobacteriaPurplebacteriaGram2positivebactercaGreen2nonsulphwbacteriaEUCARIAAnimalsCrelatesGreenplantsFungiFlagellalesMicrosporidia14411(hotadaptedmicroorganism).(1)..[16][17]110,20.LeuProGluArg,.,50()2003.,BCN,,[18-19].(2),80e,(Thermotoga),.110eMethanothermusfervicus(PS)(GPS),GPS,ThermooproteusGPS2%SDS,,.(3).(a):EMP;(b):,90e.(4):Pfuriosus.,(AOR)[20].(5),Tmania[21]ATPMg2+,Sulfolobusac2cdocaldallus(reversegyrase),90e(DNA),(80e),50e,DNADNA,DNA,DNA.412(coldadaptedmicroorganism)(1),.()/0,/0,.(2),Rudulier[22-23](Osmgenes),,,[24],,.,,,,,.(3),.Russeu[25],,,,,,.(4),[26]Y18EMPTCA,Y181162,..10e,Km,.(5)(coldshockprotein),,DNA.[27].413(acidadaptedmicroorganism),,,H+.,pH,.,[28-30](),,,H+OH-,pH.,(Tferroxidans).414,pH,H+,pH,Na+PH+H+,Na+,Mna+,.ATP,ATPNa+,H+,pH511:.[31]415(saldadaptedmicroorganism).(1)()(4~5molPL),(,[32]..,.[33],20~25%NaCl,6%.(2),Na+.(3),,./0,.(4),,,,[34].416(pressadaptedmicroorganism),,,.417(rayadaptedmicroorganism);XC.:(1)(400~800nm),.(2)(100~400nm)(260nm),(280nm),DNA,DNA,,.(3),,,,.3,,DNA,.[35]5,..,,.,[36~37],,.511(1),Ther2musaquoticusPCRTaqDNA.(2).,,[38].51251211,,.Kolene[39]P.putida.0e.21512Brechley[40],B2,.,.,[41].[42](GLAARAEPADHA),,,.52()2003(),Kama2ta[43](0e):Streptomycesgrcsells,.51213,,,.513(),.().[44].,.,,.514,,[45];.515(1),.(PHB),.(2),.(3).516.6,,.[46].,B[47].Rawling[48],.Feller[49](Moraxella.sp).,,.,,,,.1..,1999,26(1)2MichaclW,AdainsW.FEMSMicrobiolNew,1994(15):261~2773,..(C),1998,28(2):97~1014,..,1997,37(5):378~3845RayMK.ExtracellularprotoasefromtheAntarcticyeastCandidahumicela.AppliEnvironMicrobiol,1992,58(6):1918~19236FellerG.lipasesfrompsychrotrophicantorciticbacteria.FEMSMicrobiollett1990,66:239~2447,,..,1998,38(5):390~3938HorikoshiK,AkibaT.AlkalophilicMicroorganisms2ANewMicrobiolIvorlaTokoyo.JapanScientificsocietiespress,1982,26~1299..,1991,18(3):166~16910MathS,YmdallB.Theresearchofmicrobiology.JSysteApplMicrobiol,1985,6:247~25011,..,1997,27(1):1~612,..,2000,40(2):115~12013..,1995,30(1):1~214..,1995,30(1):19~2115WorseCR.BacteriaEvolution.MievobiolRew,1987,51:221~271531:16Menendez2AriasL,ArgosP.Thestructureofproteininhotadoptedmicrobiology.TMolBiol,1989,201(2):317~40617,..,1998,38(1):20~2518..,1995,30(5):1819..,1997,17(1):2~520,.,.2000,1121Bruthierdela,TourC,etal.RevensegyasefromthehyperthermophilicbacteriunsThermotogmaritima:Propertiesandgenestructure{J}JBaterium1998,180:274~28122Serivin2MassieuM.Theresearchofosmgenes.ApplMicrobiol1969,18:687~69123GrbaSRur.Thetheoryofosmgenesinmicrobio.JApplMicrobiol1984,223:1064~106824,..,1995,22(2):102~10425RussellRJ,GerikeU,DansonMJ,etal.Thestructureofproteinincoldadoptedmicrobiology.Structure1998,6(3):351~36126,..,2000,40(5):518~52227,...1999,26(2):155~15628BrookTD,MadiganMT,MartinkoJM,etal.Biologyofmicroorganisms.NewJensey07632:Preuticeflall,Englewood,1994,29KrulwichTA,GuffantiAA.AdvancesinMicrobiolphysiology.Microbiolphysiology1983,24:173~18630EolwardsC.MicrobiologyofExtremeEnvironments.NewYorkMcGraw2HillPublishingCompany,1990,33~5431..,1996,31(1):23~2432..,1992,19(2):108~11133..,1999,26(3):201~20334..,1996,36(2):79~8635..,2000.636AdamsMWW,PerlerFB.BioPTechnology,1995,13(7):662~66537GeorqesF.Theresearchofenzymeinmicrobiology.FEMSMicrobioRev1996,18:189~20238RobertPool.PushingtheEwelopeoflife.Scicnce,1990,4939:159~16039KolencRJ.Tranferandexpressionofmesophilisplasmid2mediateddegradetivecapacityinapsychrotrophicbacterium.AppliEnvironMicrobiol,1998,54:638~64140BrenchloyJE.JIndustrralMicrobiol,1996,17:432~43741..,1997,17(4):56~5942..,1995,(6):44~4643KamataY.Selectionofcommercialenzymesforsoymilkcurdprodutionbylimitedproteolysiswithimmobilizedenzyereactor.J.JapanSocFoodSciTechnol,1992,39:102~10544,,..,1993,33(3):192~19845,.).,2000,27(4):307~30846,..,1998,28(2):97~10147..,1997,17