翻译问题探索

ApproachesToTranslation翻译问题探索NewMarkChapteroneThetheoryandthecraftoftranslationTranslationtheoryderivesfromcomparativelinguistics,andwithinlinguistics,itismainlyanaspectofsemantics.Allquestionsofsemanticsrelatetotranslationtheory.Translationisacraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageorstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageorstatementinanotherlanguage.Eachexerciseinvolvessomekindoflossofmeaning,duetoanumberoffactors.ChaptertwoWhatistranslationtheoryaboutTranslationtheory'smainconcernistodetermineappropriatetranslationmethodsforthewidestpossiblerangeoftextsortext-categories.Further,itprovidesaframeworkofprinciples,restrictedrulesandhintsfortranslatingandcriticizingtranslations,abackgroundforproblem-solving.Translationtheoryattemptstogivesomeinsightintotherelationbetweenthought,meaningandlanguage;theuniversal,culturalandindividualaspectsoflanguageandbehaviour,theunderstandingofcultures;theinterpretationoftextsthatmaybeclarifiedandevensupplementedbywayoftranslation.Translationtheorycoversawiderangeofpursuits,attemptsalwaystobeuseful,toassisttheindividualtranslatorbothbystimulatinghimtowritebetterandtosuggestpointsofagreementoncommontranslationproblems.ChapterthreeThought,speechandtranslationInnerspeechisnottheinterioraspectofexternalspeech--itisafunctioninitself.Itistoalargeextentthinkinginpuremeanings.Theprimaryactivity,applicationandpurposeoflanguageinthematureadultisthinking,notspeechorwritingorcommunicatingorexpression.First,onecannotthinkforlongwithouthavingwordsinone'smind.Secondly,eventhemostloquaciouspersonspendsmostofhertimethinking.Therelationbetweenthoughtandspeechisintermittent----thoughtsparksoffspeech,andspeechisfrequentlyanautomatism,areflexaction,theresponsetoastimulusandonlyweaklytheproductofthought.Therefore,thoughtisclosertowritingthantospeaking,andinthissense,writing,arisingfromandcontrolledbythought,hasprimacyoverspeaking.Whenoneistranslatingorally,oneonlystartsthinking,inthesenseofinnerspeech,whenoneislostforawordormeetssomedifficulty;whenonewritesatranslationoneisthinkingallthetime.Thinkingprecedesspeechandwritingandthereforethemainpurposeoflanguageisnottocommunicate.Speechisolderandmorewidespreadthatwritingandachildspeaksbeforeitwrites.Havingknowledgeofalanguage,however,oftenprecedesspeaking,whichrequiresadditionalaccessorycapacities.Writingsystemsareoriginatedinthought,moderated,socialized,mademorecommunicativeinspeech,andthenagainmediatedthroughthought.However,themostimportantreasonforchallengingtheprimacyofspeechoverwritingisthatwritingismuchmorecloselyrelatedphysicallyandmentallytothoughtthanisspeech.Writingispermanent,itisusednotnecessarilybecausetheaddresseeisinaccessibletospeech.Alltheworld'smostimportantthoughtsandstatementswereprobablywrittenbeforetheywerespoken.Speech,however,isoftenaresponsetoastimulusandthoughtitisoftenprecededbythought.Wherewritingisclosesttothought,wherethereaderislisteninginratherthanbeingconsciouslyaddressed,themethodoftranslationisnormallysemantic.Allformsofliterature,thedrama,sinceitisaddressedtoaspectator,mighthavetomakemostconcessiontocommunicativetranslation.ChapterfourSemantictranslationandcommunicativetranslation1.Semantictranslationfocusesprimarilyuponthesemanticcontentofthesourcetextandcommunicativetranslationfocusesessentiallyuponthecomprehensionandresponseofreceptors.2.Communicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.Semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguage,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal.3.Communicativetranslationaddressesitselfsolelytothesecondreader,whodoesnotanticipatedifficultiesorobscurities,andwouldexpectageneroustransferofforeignelementsintohisowncultureaswellashislanguagewherenecessary.Semantictranslationremainswithintheoriginalcultureandassiststhereaderonlyinitsconnotationsiftheyconstitutetheessentialhumanmessageofthetext.4.Onebasicdifferencebetweenthemisthatwherethereisaconflict,thecommunicativetranslationmustemphasizetheforceratherthanthecontentofthemessage.Thesemantictranslationwouldbemoreinformativebutlesseffective.5.Communicativetranslationisusuallylikelytobesmoother,simpler,clearer,moredirect,moreconventional,conformingtoaparticularregisteroflanguage,tendingtoundertranslate.Semantictranslationtendstobemorecomplex,moreawkward,moredetailed,moreconcentrated,andpursuesthethought--processesratherthantheintentionofthetransmitter.Ittendstobeovertranslate.Thereisnoonecommunicativenoronesemanticmethodoftranslatingatext---theseareinfactwidelyoverlappingbandsofmethods.Communicativetranslation,however,isconcernedmainlywiththereceptors,usuallyinthecontextofalanguageandculturalvariety,whilesemantictranslationisconcernedwiththetransmitterusuallyasanindividual,andoftenincontradictionbothtohiscultureandtothenormofhislanguage.Alltranslationremainsacraftrequiringatrainedskill,continuallyrenewedlinguisticandnon-linguisticknowledgeandadealofflairandimagination,aswellasintelligenceandaboveallcommonsense.Sem