明茨伯格-战略管理

OfStrategies,DeliberateandEmergentAuthor(s):HenryMintzbergandJamesA.WatersSource:StrategicManagementJournal,Vol.6,No.3(Jul.-Sep.,1985),pp.257-272Publishedby:JohnWiley&SonsStableURL::02/06/201017:24YouruseoftheJSTORarchiveindicatesyouracceptanceofJSTOR'sTermsandConditionsofUse,availableat://=jwiley.EachcopyofanypartofaJSTORtransmissionmustcontainthesamecopyrightnoticethatappearsonthescreenorprintedpageofsuchtransmission.JSTORisanot-for-profitservicethathelpsscholars,researchers,andstudentsdiscover,use,andbuilduponawiderangeofcontentinatrusteddigitalarchive.Weuseinformationtechnologyandtoolstoincreaseproductivityandfacilitatenewformsofscholarship.FormoreinformationaboutJSTOR,[e-mail]&SonsiscollaboratingwithJSTORtodigitize,preserveandextendaccesstoStrategicManagementJournal.(1985)OfStrategies,DeliberateandEmergentHENRYMINTZBERGFacultyofManagement,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Quebec,CanadaJAMESA.WATERSFacultyofAdministrativeStudies,YorkUniversity,Toronto,Ontario,CanadaSummaryDeliberateandemnergentstrategiesmnaybeconceivedastwvoendsofacontinuumnalongwhichreal-worldstrategieslie.Thispaperseekstodevelopthisnotion,andSo?lebafsicissuiesrelatedtostrcategicchoice,byelaboratingalongthiscontinuaitnvarioustypesofstrategiesuncoveredinresearch.Theseincludclestrategieslabelledplanned,entrepreneutrial,ideological,umZ1brella,process,uinconnected,consensutsanldim-posed,Howdostrategiesforminorganizations?Researchintothequestionisnecessarilyshapedbytheunderlyingconceptionoftheterm.Sincestrategyhasalmostinevitablybeenconceivedintermsofwhattheleadersofanorganization'plan'todointhefuture,strategyformationhas,notsurprisingly,tendedtobetreatedasananalyticprocessforestablishinglong-rangegoalsandactionplansforanorganization;thatis,asoneofformulationfollowedbyimplementation.Asimportantasthisemphasismaybe,wewouldarguethatitisseriouslylimited,thattheprocessneedstobeviewedfromawiderperspectivesothatthevarietyofwaysinwhichstrategiesactuallytakeshapecanbeconsidered.Forover10yearsnow,wehavebeenresearchingtheprocessofstrategyformationbasedonthedefinitionofstrategyas'apatterninastreamofdecisions'(Mintzberg,1972,1978;MintzbergandWaters,1982,1984;Mintzbergetal.,1986,MintzbergandMcHugh,1985;Brunet,MintzbergandWaters,1986).Thisdefinitionwasdevelopedto'operationalize'theconceptofstrategy,namelytoprovideatangiblebasisonwhichtoconductresearchintohowitformsinorganizations.Streamsofbehaviourcouldbeisolatedandstrategiesidentifiedaspatternsorconsistenciesinsuchstreams.Theoriginsofthesestrategiescouldthenbeinvestigated,withparticularattentionpaidtoexploringtherelationshipbetweenleadershipplansandintentionsandwhattheorganizationsactuallydid.Usingthelabelstrategyforbothofthesephenomena-onecalledintended,theotherrealized-encouragedthatexploration.(Indeed,bythissamelogic,andbecauseofpracticalnecessity,wehavebeendrawnintostudyingstrategiesaspatternsinstreamsofactions,notdecisions,sincethelatterrepresentintentions,too.Apaperexplainingthisshiftmorefullyisavailablefromtheauthors.)Comparingintendedstrategywithrealizedstrategy,asshowninFigure1,hasallowedustodistinguishdeliberatestrategies-realizedasintended-fromemergentstrategies-patternsorconsistenciesrealizeddespite,orintheabsenceof,intentions.Thesetwoconcepts,andespeciallytheirinterplay,havebecomethecentralthemesinourresearch,whichhasinvolved11intensivestudies(aswellasalargernumberofsmallerones),0143~2095/85/030257-16$01.60Receivedl28March1983?C1985byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.Revised4June1984258HenryMintzbergandJamesA.WatersINTENDEDREALIDSTRATEGYSTRATEGYDELIBERATE(STRATEGYUNREALIZEDEMERGENTSTRATEGYSTRATEGY'Figure1.Typesofstrategiesincludingafoodretailer,amanufacturerofwomen'sundergarments,amagazine,anewspaper,anairline,anautomobilefirm,aminingcompany,auniversity,anarchitecturalfirm,apublicfilmagencyandagovernmentfightingaforeignwar.Thispapersetsouttoexplorethecomplexityandvarietyofstrategyformationprocessesbyrefiningandelaboratingtheconceptsofdeliberateandemergentstrategy.Webeginbyspecifyingmorepreciselywhatpuredeliberateandpureemergentstrategiesmightmeaninthecontextoforganization,describingtheconditionsunderwhicheachcanbesaidtoexist.Whatdoesitmeanforan'organization'-acollectionofpeoplejoinedtogethertopursuesomemissionincommon-toactdeliberately?Whatdoesitmeanforastrategytoemergeinanorganization,notguidedbyintentions?Wethenidentifyvarioustypesofstrategiesthathaveappearedinourempiricalstudies,eachembodyingdifferingdegreesofwhatmightbecalleddeliberatenessoremergent