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Lesson8TheworkerasCreatororMachinebyErichFrommAimsI.Toknowtheauthor,ErichFrommII.Tolearnthewritingtechniqueofexpositorywriting:CauseandeffectanalysisIII.ToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesIV.ToappreciatesomeCreationsofManTeachingContentsI.Theauthor:ErichFrommII.CreationsofManIII.ThethesisIV.CauseandeffectanalysisV.StructureofthetextVI.DetailedstudyofthetextVII.LanguagefeaturesVIII.ExercisesErichFromm(1900–1980)ErichFromm•German-Americanpsychoanalystandauthor•BorninFrankfurt,Germany•Ph.D.UniversityofHeidelbery海德堡大学•In1934,hecametotheUS,practicedpsychoanalysisandlecturedatvariousinstitutions.ErichFromm•Asapsychoanalyst,heapplied•psychoanalysistosocial,political,religious,moralactivities.Hewasparticularlyinterestedinthestudyofindividualandsociety.Hepaidmuchattentiontoselfhumanrealization.•HetookviewsofFreudandheattemptedsynthesis(combination)andreformulation(systematicalexpression)ofFreudandMarx.ErichFrommHeisalsoaself-styledMarxist,buthisideaisagainstthetheoryofMarxism,forheusedtoviewthingsfrompsychoanalysis,notfromclassstruggle.Hispointofview•Heheldthatmanisaproductofhisculture.Socialcharacterisnotdeterminedbyinstinct(biologicaldrive)butrathershapedbyculturaltraining.–个体的人格是文化的产物，而不是生物学的产物。Hisworks•EscapefromFreedom《逃离自由》•ThesaneSociety《健全的社会》•TheArtofLoving《爱的艺术》•PsychoanalysisandReligion《精神分析学与宗教》•MayManPrevail《愿人类成功》•TheRevolutionofHope《希望革命》•TheanatomyofHumanDestructiveness《人类毁灭之分析》•BeyondtheChainsofIllusions《越过幻想之链》DetailedAnalysisoftheText•Writingstyle:expositorywritingofcausation,i.e.finingthecausesofaproblemandsolutionsforit.Theme:Theworkerisnolongeracreatorbuthasbecomeamachine.TextualArrangementPartⅠ(para1):thepositivevaluesofworkPartⅡ(para2-7):meaningofworktoman1).attheprehistorictimes2).atthebeginningofmoderntimes3).atthepresenttimePartⅢ(para8-9):causesofthechangesPartⅣ(para10-13):resultsofthealienationDetailedAnalysisoftheTextPartI:para1Questions:1)Whyismandefinedas“theanimalthatproduces”?2)Whatpositivevaluesdoesworkhaveforman?inotherwords,Whatfunctionsdothesevalueshaveuponman?CreationsofManThebeautifulpaintingsinthecavesofSouthernFrance:paintingsandengravingsontherockfaceBuildingsandGeographiesofSouthernFrance•.OrnamentsonweaponsamongprimitivepeopleThecathedralsoftheMiddleAgesThestatuesandtemplesofGreeceSomecreationsbyChinesepeopleWordsandExpressions1.exploit:v.totreatsbunfairlybyusingone’sworkorideasandgivinghimverylittleinreturn剥削•e.g.Criticsclaimheexploitedblackmusiciansforpersonalgain•weareinfuriatedathearingtheexploitationofthefaminebylocalpolititiciansv.toexploitasituation:touseasituationtogainanadvantage,ratherthantryingtohelpotherpeopleordowhatisrighte.g.Thegovernmentanditsopponentscompetetoexploitthetroublestotheiradvantages.v.toexploitsth.Touseitwellandachievesth.Todevelop开发,利用e.g.Soyoufeelthatyourskillshavebeenfullyappreciatedorexploited?Ithinkwe’rebeingveryshortsightedinnotexploitingourowncoal.2.mold:(mould)toshapeasoftsubstancebypressingorrollingorbyputtingitintoahollowcontainer造型;(fig.)guideorcontrolthegrowthof;influencee.gAteacherhelpstomoldthemindsofhisstudentsParaphrasingPara1:1.bytheveryfactofproduction,hehasrisenabovetheanimalkingdom.Becauseofthefactitselfthatmanproduces,hehasdevelopedfarbeyondallotheranimals.2.Heemergesfromnaturebymasteringher.Asmandevelops,hegainsmoreknowledgeofnatureandbecomeslessitsvictim;hisconquestofnaturetoservehisneedstransformshimintohermaster.Thusheemergesfromorrisesabovenature.3.Heseparateshimselffromnature,…hermasterandbuilder.theoriginalunitywithher:man’searliertotaldependenceonandmergingwithnatureliketheloweranimalsBybecomingnature’smaster,bystationinghimselfabovenature,manseparatesfromnature.Butatthesametimeheconnectshimselfonceagaintonaturetofurtherconquerheranddevelophisunderstandingofher.4.…allareexpressionsofthecreativetransformationofnaturebyman’sreasonandskill.Alltheabove-mentionedworkshowshowmanhastransformednaturethroughhisreasonandskill.PartII(para2-7):meaningofworkA.attheprehistorictimes(para2)Questions:1.What’sthemeaningofworkattheprehistorictimes?2.WhatisthedefinitionofanidealkindofworkaccordingtoMills?B.atthebeginningofmoderntimes(para3-4)Questions:1.Howdidthemeaningofworkchangeafterthecollapseofthemedievalsocialstructure?2.Whatpartdidreligionplay?FamiliarizewithProtestantbeliefinwork.3.Howdiddifferentclassesviewworkdifferently?c.atthepresenttime(para5-7)Question:What’sthemeaningofworkatthepresenttime?WordsandExpressionslucidly:adj.cleartothemind,readilyunderstoodHeparaphrasedthesentencelucidly.ulterior:beyondwhatisexpressed,implied,orevident;undisclosed隐蔽的detach:v.unfastenandtakeapart拆开,使分离thelinkisdetachedfromthatchain.Youshouldtakeadetachedlookatthewholematter,soyoucanmakeacorrectdecision.infuse:v.put(quality,idea,etc)into,asifbypouring;instill;impart灌输subdue:v.bringintosubjection;conquer;vanquish使屈服,征服amass:v.graduallycollectalargeamountofmoney,knowledgeorinformationYoushouldselectratherthanamassdetails.succinctly:adv.(approving)expresssth.clearlyinafewwordsstultify:v.tomakeseemfoolish,stupid,inconsistent,etc;makeabsurdIhatethisstul