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Chapter2Methods中文仅供理解，不建议大家记中文，因为1.国内的专有名词尚未统一2.不利于做简答题。1、fromtheBarron’stextbook(forkedwords)2、fromPhoebe’sPPT(forbetterorganizedideas)1、fromtheBarron’stextbookResearchmethodsKeyword中文DefinitionExampleHindsightbias事后偏见Peoplehavethetendencyuponhearingabouttheresearchfindings(andmanyotherthings)tothinkthattheyknewitallalong马后炮、事后诸葛亮Appliedresearch应用研究ToconductresearchinordertosolvepracticalproblemsComparetwodifferentmethodsofteachingchildrentoreadinordertodeterminewhichmethodisbetter;TesttheefficacyofaprogramtohelppeoplequitsmokingBasicresearch基础研究Toexplorequestionsthatareofinteresttopsychologistsbutnottobeintendedtohaveimmediatereal-worldapplicationHowpeopleformtheirattitudesaboutothers;HowpeopleindifferentculturesdefineintelligenceTerminologyKeyword中文DefinitionExampleHypothesis假说ExpressesarelationshipbetweentwovariablesWatchingviolenttelevisionprogramsmakespeoplemoreaggressiveVariables变量ThingsthatcanvaryamongtheparticipantsintheresearchWatchingviolenttelevision=independentvariable;Aggressivelevel=dependentvariableDependentvariablesdependsontheindependentvariable=achangeintheindependentvariablewillproduceachangeinthedependentvariable;Intestingahypothesis,researchersmanipulatetheindependentvariableandmeasurethedependentvariableTheory理论aimingtoexplainsomephenomenonandallowingresearcherstogeneratetestablehypotheseswiththehopeofcollectingdatathatsupportthetheory.Operationaldefinition操作定义themethodusedtomeasureavariable.Whatprogramswillbeconsideredviolent?Whatbehaviorswillbeconsideraggressive?Validity有效Whenitmeasureswhattheresearcher性setouttomeasureReliability可靠性Whenitcanbereplicated;itisconsistentIftheresearcherconductedthesameresearchinthesameway,theresearcherwouldgetsimilarresultsParticipants(subjects)参与者、实验对象（被试）TheindividualsonwhichtheresearchwillbeconductedSample样品Theprocessbywhichparticipantsareselected;Inordertoselectasample(thegroupofparticipants),onemustfirstidentifythepopulation(anyoneoranythingthatcouldpossiblybeselectedtobeinthesample)fromwhichthesamplewillbeselectedThegoalisthatasampleberepresentativeofalargerpopulation.Randomselection随机抽样Everymemberofthepopulationhasequalchanceofbeingselected;Advantages:tomaximizethechancethatasamplewillrepresentthepopulationfromwhichitwasdrawnandallowresearcherstodrawgeneralizationsaboutthepopulationbasedontheirfindingsabouttheirsample.Notes:choosethestudentsonaWednesdaymorninginfrontofthelibraryisnotrandom.Randomselectionisbestdoneusingacomputer,atableofrandomnumbers,orthattried-and-truemethodofpickingnamesoutofahat.StratifiedSampling分层抽样Aprocessthatallowsaresearchertoensurethatthesamplerepresentsthepopulationonsomecriteria.If500ofthe1,000studentsinaschoolareC,300areA,and200areL,inasampleof100studentsIwouldwanttohave50C,30Aand20L.ExperimentMethodKeyword中文DefinitionExampleLaboratoryexperiment实验室实验Areconductedinalab,highlycontrolledenvironment;Advantage:canbecontrolledFieldexperiment现场实验Areconductedoutintheworld;Advantage:morerealisticExperiment实验OnlyexperimentscanidentifyAsurveyorotherresearchcannotcause-and-effectrelationshipsshowcausalrelationshipConfoundingvariables无关变量/混淆变量/控制变量Isanydifferencebetweentheexperimentalandcontrolconditions,exceptfortheindependentvariable,thatmightaffectthedependentvariable;Shouldbeeliminated.被试相关的无关变量Participant-relevantconfoundingvariables:EliminatedbyrandomassignmentletparticipantstochoosewhethertobeinthegroupwatchingtheviolentTVornot—violentpeoplepreferviolentTVandchoosetheexperimentalgroup.—thereforethetwowouldunlikelytobecomprisedofsimilarpeople.—soweneedrandomassignmenttomakethegroupsequivalent.情境相关的无关变量Situation-relevantconfoundingvariables:（timeofday,theweather,andthepresenceofotherpeopleintheroom…Experimenterbias)EliminatedbyequivalentenvironmentTheexperimentalgroupwatchesviolentTVinalargelecturehallwhilethecontrolgroupwatchesotherprogramsinasmallclassroom,theirsituationsarenotequivalent—Situation-relevantconfoundingvariablesratherthanindependentvariablesmayleadtothedifferenceintwogroups—soweneedequivalentenvironmentAssignment分配Istheprocessbywhichparticipantsareputintoagroup,experimentalorcontrolRandomassignment随机分配Eachparticipantshasanequalchanceofbeingplacedintoanygroup.Aim:thegroupswillbeequivalentAdvantage:itlimitstheeffectofparticipant-relevantconfoundingvariablesNote:randomassignment(after)VSrandomsampling(before)Groupmatching成组匹配Methodusedtoensurethattheexperimentalandcontrolgroupswereequivalentonsomecriterion(forexample,sex,IQscores,age)Halfthemalesandhalfthefemaleswouldbeineachofthegroups;notthesamenumberofmalesandfemalesExperimenterbias实验者偏见theunconscioustendencyforresearcherstotreatmembersoftheexperimentalancontrolgroupsdifferentlytoincreasethechanceofconfirmingtheirhypothesis;Canbeeliminatedbydouble-blindNote:iftheresearcherpurposelydistorttheirdata,itiscalledfraud,notExperimenterbiasprocedureDouble-blindprocedure双盲程序neithertheparticipantsnortheresearcherareabletoaffecttheoutcomeoftheresearch.Purpose:toeliminatebothexperimenterandsubjectbias.Forexample:tohavesomeoneblindtoparticipants’conditioninteractwith