AP-psychology总结-笔记

APpsychologyChapter1HistoryandApproachesWaveone——introspectionImportantinestablishingthescienceofpsychologybutdonotsignificantlyinfluencecurrentpsychologicalthinking.NameTheoryEventsignificanceWilhelmWundtStructuralism:theideathatthemindoperatesbycombiningsubjectiveemotionsandobjectivesensations.Instropection(method):thesubjectswereaskedtorecordaccuratelytheircognitivereactionstosimplestimuliIn1879,SetupthefirstpsychologicallabneartheuniversityatLeipzig,GermanyThebeginningofscientificpsychologyWilliamJamesFunctionalism:howWundt’sstructuresfunctioninourlivesIn1890,PublishedtheprinciplesofpsychologyFirsttextbookMargaretFloyWashburnStudentofWilliamJamesThefirstwomantoearnaPh.DinPsychologyG.StanleyHallStudentofWilliamJames,pioneeredthestudyofchildThefirstpresidentoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationWavetwo——GestaltpsychologyargueagainstStructuralismthecontributiontospecificformsoftherapyandthestudyofperceptionbuthasLittleinfluenceoncurrentpsychologyNameTheoryMaxWertheimerGestalt:Thewaypeopleexperiencetheworldismorethanjustanaccumulationofvariousperceptualexperiences.1+12WavesThree——PsychoanalysisWidelyusedbypsychologistsandartistbuthasbeencriticizedforbeingunscientificandcreatingunverifiabletheoriesNametheorySigmundFreudPsychoanalysis:Unconsciousmind:apartofourmindoverwhichwedonothaveconsciouscontrolthatdetermines,inpart,howwethinkandbehaveRepression:thepushingdownintotheunconsciouseventsandfeelingsthatcausesomuchanxietyandtensionthatourconsciousmindcannotdealwiththem.Methods:examinetheunconsciousmindthroughdreamanalysis,wordassociation,andotherpsychoanalytictherapytechniques.WavesFour——BehaviorismArgueagainstPsychoanalysisBehaviorismwasthedominantschoolofthoughtinpsychologyfromthe1920sthroughthe1960s.NameTheoryIvanPavlov(pioneer)ConditioningexperimentJohnWatson(establish)Behaviorism:Weshouldlookatonlybehaviorandcausesofbehavior—stimuli(environmentalevents)andresponses(physicalreactions)—andnotconcernthemselveswithdescribingelementsofconsciousness.B.FSkinner(expand)Reinforcement:environmentalstimulithateitherencourageordiscouragecertainresponsesWavesFive——MultiplePerspectivesCurrenttrend:EclecticNooneperspectivecanbestexplainallhumanbehaviorsAtherapistusewhateverpsychologicalperspectivethatworkbestforeachpatient.PerspectivesTheoryTherapistExampleHumanistArgueagainstdeterministicbehaviorism(allbehaviorsarecausedbypastconditioning)StressedindividualchoiceandfreewillWechoosemostofourbehaviorsandthesechoicesareguidedbyphysiologicalemotional,orspiritualneeds.AbrahamMaslowCarlRogersExplainanintrovertedperson:socialneedsarebettersatisfiedbycontractwithafewfriendsratherthanlargegroupsPsychoanalyticThesameasFreud’stheorymentionedaboveSigmundFreudExplainanintrovertedperson:AvoidssocialsituationsbecauseofarepressedmemoryoftraumainchildhoodinvolvingsocialsituationBiopsychology(Neuroscience)Humancognitionandreactionsmightbecausedbybiologicalprocess:genes,hormones,andneurotransmitters……Explainanextrovertedperson:genesinheritedfromtheirparentsandgenes’effectsontheabundanceofcertainneurotransmittersinthebrain.Evolutionary(Darwinian)Naturalselection:Somepsychologicaltraitsmightbeadvantageousforsurvival,andthesetraitswouldbepasseddownfromtheparentstothenextgenerationExplainanextrovertedperson:makingfriendsandalliescouldimprovetheindividual’schancesofsurvival,whichincreasetheperson’schancesforpassingthistraitforextroversiondowntohisorherchildren.BehavioralThesameasWatson’stheorymentionedaboveIvanPavlovJohnWatsonB.F.SkinnerExplainanextrovertedperson:becauseofenvironmentalconditions:beingrewardedforbeingoutgoing;beingpunishedforwithdrawingfromasituationornotinteractwithothersCognitiveTherulesthatweusetoviewtheworldareimportanttounderstandingwhywethinkandbehavethewaywedoJeanPiagetExplainanextrovertedperson:interpretoutgoingmakessense/isimportantSocial-CulturalCulturehasaninfluenceonthewaywethinkandactExplainanextrovertedperson:culturalrulesaboutsocialinteractionBiopsychosocialBio+psycho+socialExplainanextrovertedperson:bio:agenetictendencypsycho:hasbeenconditionedtowardextrovertedbehaviorsocial:socialpressuressuchasconformity