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Chapter10PersonalityPersonalitytheuniqueattitudes,behaviorsandemotionsthatcharacterizeaperson.TypeA&B1、TypeAtendtofeelasenseoftimepressureandareeasilyangered.TypeApeoplearecompetitiveandambitious.Theyworkhardandplayhardbutareatahigherriskforheartdiseasethanthegeneralpopulation.2、TypeBtendtoberelaxedandeasygoing.Somepeoplefitintoneithertype.Psychoanalytic:Freudiantheorysexualurgeswereanimportantdeterminantofpeople’spersonalitydevelopment.参考第九章补充：inthePhallicstage,boysandgirlsnoticetheirphysicaldifferences.Asaresult,girlscomestoevidencepenisenvy生殖期崇拜(thedesireforpenis),andboyssufferfromcastrationanxiety阉割焦虑(thefearthatiftheymisbehave,theywillbecastrated)defensemechanism:1、Thepurposeofdefensemechanism：egouseittoprotecttheconsciousmindfromthoughtsthataretoopainful.2、Identificationiswhenpeopleemulateandattachthemselvestoanindividualwhotheybelievethreatensthem.Itpreventsboysfromfearingtheirfathersandencouragesboystobreakawayfromtheirattachmenttotheirmothersandlearntoactlikemen.3、Repression压抑blockingthoughtsoutfromconsciousawareness.eg:WhenaskedhowBfeelsaboutthebreakupwithM:“Who?Oh,yeah,Ihaven’tthoughtaboutherinawhile.”4、Denial否认notacceptingtheego-threateningtruth.eg:BcontinuestoactasifheandMarestilltogether.Hewaitsbyherlocker,callshereverynight,andplanstheirfuturedates.5、Displacement转移redirectingone’sfeelingtowardanotherpersonorobject.Whenpeopledisplacenegativeemotionslikeanger,theyoftendisplacethemontopeoplewhoarelessthreateningthanthesourceoftheemotioneg:踢猫效应6、Projection投射believingthatthefeelingsonehastowardsomeoneelseareactuallyheldbytheotherpersonanddirectedatoneself.eg:BinsiststhatMstillcaresforhim.7、Reactionformation反向形成expressingtheoppositeofhowonetrulyfeels.Regression:returningtoanearlier,comfortingformofbehavior.eg:BclaimshehatesM.8、Regression回归Returningtoanearlier,comfortingformofbehavior.回归像小孩子的行为eg:Bbeginstosleepwithhisfavoritechildhoodstuffedanimal.9、Retionalization合理化comingupwithabeneficialresultofanundesirableoccurrence.Bbelievesthathecannowfindabettergirlfriend.Misnotreallyallthatpretty,smartandfuntobewith.10、Intellectualization理智化undertakinganacademic,unemotionalstudyofatopic.Bembarksonanin-depthresearchprojectaboutfailedteenromances.11、Sublimation升华channelingone’sfrustrationtowardadifferentgoal.最健康的防御机制Bdevoteshimselftowritepoetryandpublishesasmallvolumebeforehegraduateshighschool.Unconscious:Muchofpeople’sbehavioriscontrolledbyunconscious.Wedonothaveaccesstothethoughtsinourunconscious.Wespendtremendousamountsofpsychicenergytokeepthreateningthoughtsintheunconscious.Conscious:ContainseverythingwearethinkingaboutatanyonemomentPreconscious:Containseverythingthatwecouldpotentiallysummontoconsciousawarenesswithease.(当你读书时不会想下周的安排，因为这些在preconscious)3partsthepersonality：1、Id(existsfrombirth)isintheunconsciousandcontainsinstinctsandpsychicenergy2typesofinstincts:1)Eros(thelifeinstincts):libidoistheenergythatdirectsthelifeinstincts.Itismostoftenevidencedasadesireforsex.2)Thanatos(thedeathinstincts):seeninaggression.Followspleasureprinciple:itwantsimmediategratification.2、Ego(emergesaroundages2or3)followstherealityprinciple(itsjobistonegotiatebetweenthedesiresoftheidandthelimitationsoftheenvironment).operatesonboththeconsciousandunconsciouslevel.3、Superego(developsaroundage5)Thesenseofconscience(tothinkaboutwhatisrightorwrong)issuperego.operatesonboththeconsciousandunconsciouslevel.Partoftheego’sjobistoprotecttheconsciousmindfromthethreateningthoughtsburiedintheunconscious.例子：id想睡觉，superego认为应该学习备考becauseitistherightthingtodo，egomakessomekindofacompromise妥协：学习两小时，睡觉CriticismsofFreud1、Freudiantheoryhaslittlepredictivepower.2、Psychoanalytictheoryisalsocriticizedforoverestimatingtheimportanceofearlychildhoodandofsex.3、FeministfindmuchofFreudiantheorytobeobjectionable.Oneexampleistheconceptofpenisenvy.KarenHorneyandNancyChodorowsuggestedthatifwomenwereenviousofmen,itwasprobablyduetoalltheadvantagesmenenjoyedinsociety.Horneypositedthatmenmaysufferfromwombenvy,jealousyofwomen’sreproductivecapabilities.ImpactofFreudianTheory:Language、culture、artsPsychodynamic:psychodynamic(neo-Freundian)Twoofthebest-knowncreatorsofpsychodynamictheories:1、CarlJung荣格1)personalunconscious：moresimilartoFreud’sviewoftheunconsciousItcontainscomplexes：painfulorthreateningmemoriesandthoughtsthepersondoesnotwishtoconfront.2)collectiveunconscious：ispasseddownthroughthespeciesandexplainscertainsimilaritiesweseenbetweenourselves.Itcontainsarchetypes:universalconceptsweallshareaspartofthehumanspecies.eg:fearofdark;theimportanceofcircleinmanycultures2、AlfredAdler阿德勒.Adleriscalledanegopsychologistbecausehedownplayedtheimportanceoftheunconsciousandfocusedontheconsciousroleoftheego.Hebelievedthatpeoplearemotivatedbyinferiority(thefearoffailure),andsuperiority(thedesiretoachieve).Heisalsoknownforhisworkabouttheimportanceofbirthorderinshapingpersonality.（出生顺序，比如处于中间的孩子一般受到关注最少，阿德勒本人就是中间顺序）Traittheorywecandescribepeople’spersonalitiesbyspecifyingtheirmaincharacteristics,ortraits.Stable:Characteristicslikehonesty,lazinessandambition,arethoughttobestablea