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ReadingComprehensionPassageoneTherewasatimenotlongagowhennewsciencePhDsintheUnitedStateswereexpectedtopursueacareerpathinacademia(学术界).Buttoday,mostgraduatesendupworkingoutsideacademia,notonlyinindustrybutalsoincareerssuchassciencepolicy,communications,andpatentlaw.Partlythisisaresultofhowbleaktheacademicjobmarketis,butthere’salsoarisingawarenessofcareeroptionsthatPhDscientistshaven’ttrainedfordirectly—butforwhichtheyhaveusefulknowledge,skills,andexperience.Still,there’sahugedisconnectbetweenthewaywecurrentlytrainscientistsandtheactualemploymentopportunitiesavailableforthem,andanurgentneedfordramaticimprovementsintrainingprogramstohelpclosethegap.OnecriticalstepthatcouldhelptodrivechangewouldbetorequirePhDstudentsandpostdoctoralscientiststofollowanindividualdevelopmentplan(IDP).In2002,theU.S.FederationofAmericanSocietiesforExperimentalBiologyrecommendedthateverypostdoctoralresearcherputtogetheranIDPinconsultationwithanadviser.Sincethen,severalacademicinstitutionshavebeguntorequireIDPsforpostdocs.AndinJune,theU.S.NationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)BiomedicalResearchWorkforceWorkingGrouprecommendedthattheNIHrequireIDPsfortheapproximately32,000postdoctoralresearcherstheysupport.Otherfundingagencies,publicandprivate,aremovinginasimilardirection.IDPshavelongbeenusedbygovernmentagenciesandtheprivatesectortoachievespecificgoalfortheemployeeandtheorganization.Theaimistoensurethatemployeeshaveanexplicittooltohelpthemunderstandtheirownabilitiesandaspirations,determinecareerpossibilities,andset(usuallyshort-term)goals.Inscience,graduatestudentsandnewPhDscientistscanuseanIDPtoidentifyandnavigateaneffectivecareerpath.AfreeWebapplicationforthispurpose,calledmyIDP,hasbecomeavailablethisweek.It’sdesignedtoguideearly-careerscientiststhroughaconfidential,rigorousprocessofintrospection(内省)tocreateacustomizedcareerplan.Guidedbyexpertknowledgefromapanelofsciencefocusedcareeradvisers,eachtrainee’sself-assessmentisusedtorankasetofcareertrajectories(轨迹).Aftertheuserhasidentifiedalong-termcareergoal,myIDPwalksherorhimthroughtheprocessofsettingshort-termgoalsdirectedtowardaccumulatingnewskillsandexperiencesimportantforthatcareerchoice.AlthoughsurveysrevealtheIDPprocesstobeuseful,traineesreportaneedforadditionalresourcestohelpthemidentifyalong-termcareerpathandcompleteanIDP.Thus,myIDPwillbemosteffectivewhenit’sembeddedinlargercareer-developmentefforts.Forexample,universitiescouldincorporateIDPsintotheirgraduatecurriculatohelpstudentsdiscuss,plan,preparefor,andachievetheirlong-termcareergoals.56.WhatdowelearnaboutnewsciencePhDsintheUnitedStatedtoday?A)Theylacktheskillsandexpertiseneededfortheirjobs.B)Theycanchoosefromawiderrangeofwell-payingjobs.C)Theyoftenhavetoseekjobsoutsidetheacademiccircle.D)Theyareregardedasthenation’sdrivingforceofchange.57.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutAmerica’sPhDtraining?A)Itshouldbeimprovedtobettersuitthejobmarket.B)Itiscloselylinkedtofuturecareerrequirements.C)Itshouldbere-orientedtocareersoutsideacademia.D)Itincludesagreatvarietyofpracticalcourses.58.WhatwasrecommendedforPhDsandpostdoctoralresearchers?A)Theymeettheurgentneedsofthecorporateworld.B)Along-termcareergoalbesetasearlyaspossible.C)AnIDPbemadeinconsultationwithanadviser.D)Theyacquireanexplicittooltohelpobtainjobs.59.GovernmentagenciesandtheprivatesectoroftenuseIDPsto.A)bringintofullplaytheskillsandexpertiseoftheirpostdoctoralresearchersB)helpemployeesmakethebestuseoftheirabilitiestoachievetheircareergoalsC)placeemployeesinthemostappropriatepositionsD)hirethemostsuitablecandidatestoworkforthem60.WhatdoweknowaboutmyIDP?A)Itisaneffectivetoolofself-assessmentandintrospectionforbettercareerplans.B)Itenablespeopletolookintovariouspossibilitiesandchoosethecareertheylove.C)Itpromisesalong-termcareerpath.D)Itispartofthegraduatecurricula.答案：CACBA（更换字体颜色可见）PassagetwoJustoveradecadeintothe21stcentury,women’sprogresscanbecelebratedacrossarangeoffields.TheyholdthehighestpoliticalofficesfromThailandtoBrazil,CostaRicatoAustralia.AwomanholdsthetopspotattheInternationalMonetaryFund;anotherwontheNobelPrizeineconomics.Self-madebillionairesinBeijing,techinnovatorsinSiliconValley,pioneeringjusticesinGhana—intheseandcountlessotherareas,womenareleavingtheirmark.Butholdtheapplause.InSaudiArabia,womenaren’tallowedtodrive.InPakistan,1,000womendieinhonorkillingseveryyear.Inthedevelopedworld,womenlagbehindmeninpayandpoliticalpower.ThepovertyrateamongwomenintheU.S.roseto14.5%lastyear.Tomeasurethestateofwomen’sprogress,Newsweekranked165countries,lookingatfiveareasthataffectwomen’slives:treatmentunderthelaw,workforceparticipation,politicalpower,andaccesstoeducationandhealthcare.AnalyzingdatafromtheUnitedNationsandtheWorldEconomicForum,amongothers,andconsultingwithexpertsandacademics,wemeasured28factorstocomeupwithourrankings.CountrieswiththehighestscorestendtobeclusteredintheWest,wheregenderdiscriminationisagainstthelaw,andequalrightsareconstitutionallyenshrined(神圣化).Butthereweresomesurprises.Someotherwisehigh-rankingcountrieshadrelativelylowscoresforpoliticalrepresentation.Canadaranked