状语从句能力要求:了解状语从句的分类情况及各类状语从句中经常使用的连词;能够在真实的语境中断定从句与主句的逻辑关系,从而使用恰当的连词完成交际;能够辨别同类状语从句中近似连词的用法差异。一、时间状语从句1.when,while和as1)when既可引导一个持续动作,也可引导一个短暂动作,可用于主句动作和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作:WhenIlivedthere,IusedtogototheseashoreonSundays.Whenthefilmended,thepeoplewentback.当when引出的时间状语从句为系表结构,而且其主语和主句的主语一致,其表语又是一个名词时,就可以那个以as引出的省略句,来代替when引导的从句:Asayoungman(=whenhewasayoungman),hewasfondofhunting.2)while引导的动作必须是持续性的,侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比:Pleasedon’ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.WhileIwaswonderingatthis,ourschoolmastertookhisplace.3)as引导一个持续动作,多用于主句动作和从句动作同时发生:Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindashewent.Johnsingsasheworks.4)when还可用作并列连词,其意义为atthis/thattime,常用于下列句式:bedoingsth.when…/beabouttodosth.when…/had(just)sth.when…此外,when还可表示原因“既然”:Itwasfoolishofyoutotakeataxiwhenyoucouldeasilywalkthereinfiveminutes.Howcanyouhopeformercyyourselfwhenyoushownone?5)while作为并列连词,意为“而,却”,表示对比:MomwascookinginthekitchenwhiledadwaswatchingTVinthesittingroom.HelikespopmusicwhileIamfondoffolkmusic.6)如果主句表示的是短暂动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时,when、while和as可以互相换用:When/While/AsIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.while必须与延续性动词连用;强调主句动作延续到从句所指的整个时间时,只能用while;表示“随着”只能用as;表示有规律的“每当”时或主从句动作有先后时,只能用when.Theplanehadleftwhenwegottotheairport.(不用while)Astimepassed,theeventbecamemoreandmorepopular.(不用while或when)Whenwintercomes,itbecomescold.(每当,不用as或while)Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.(不用while或as)2.assoonas,immediately,directly,themoment,theminute,thesecond,once(一旦…就…)nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生,常译为“一…就…”.从句中用一般时态代替将来时态:ThemomentIheardthevoice,Iknewfatherwascoming.Theboyburstintotearsimmediatelyhesawhismother.Onceyourememberit,youwillneverforgetit.Nosoonerhadwearrivedatthestationthanthetrainleft.最后三个句式中,nosooner与hardly/scarcely引导的主句谓语动词要用过去完成时,而than与when的从句中要用一般过去时,此外,当把nosooner与hardly/scarcely提到句首时,应用倒装语序:Ihadhardlygothomewhenitbegantorain.=HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.On+v-ing(hearing,seeing,returning等)或n.(arrival,return等)也等于assoonas.3.till,until和not…until1)肯定句:主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词,主句、从句都为肯定式,意为“某动作一直延续到某点时间才停止”:Heremainedthereuntil/tillshearrived.Youmaystayhereuntiltherainstops.2)否定句:主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句肯定式,意为“某动作知道某时间才开始”。Hewon’tgotobeduntil/tillshereturns.3)till不可以放在句首,而until可以:UntilyoutoldmeIhadnoideaofit.4)not…until句型中的强调和倒装用法:ItwasnotuntilyoutoldmethatIhadanyideaofit.NotuntilyoutoldmedidIhaveanyideaofit.4.before和since1)若表达“还未…就…”“不到…就…”“…才…”“趁…还没来得及”时,需用连词before:Wehadsailedfourdaysandfournightsbeforewesawland.航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。Wehadn’trunamilebeforehefelttired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。Pleasewriteitdownbeforeyouforgetit.趁你现在还没忘记把它记下来。BeforeIcouldgetinaword,hehadmeasuredme.我还没来得及插话他就给我量好了尺寸。Beforetheyreachedthestation,thetrainhadgone.他们(还没)到火车站前,火车已经开走了。2)Itwillbe+一段时间beforesb.doessth.多久之后才…Itwon’tbe+一段时间beforesb.doessth.过不多久就…ItwillbehalfayearbeforeIcomeback.Itwon’tbelongbeforewemeetagain.3)since从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词,主句的谓语动词是延续性的或者是反复发生过的动作。Since从句的时态是一般过去时,主句的时态是现在完成时或现在完成进行时。IhavewrittenhomefourtimessinceIcamehere.Shehasbeenworkinginthisfactorysincesheleftschool.4)在Itis+一段时间+since从句句型中,如果谓语动词是延续性的,时间从动作结束时算起;如果从句的谓语动词是非延续性的,时间从动作开始时算起:Itisthreeyearssincethewarbrokeout.战争爆发有三年了。Itisthreeyearssinceshewasinourclass.她离开我们班有三年了。Itisthreeyearssinceshelivedhere.他不在这住有三年了。ItisthreeyearssinceIsmokedacigar.我不吸烟有三年了。ItisthreeyearssinceIbegantosmoke.我吸烟有三年了。5.everytime,eachtime,nexttime,thefirsttime,anytime,allthetime等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当…,每次…,下次…”:Each/EverytimeIwasintrouble,hewouldcometohelpmeout.Nexttimeyoucome,doremembertobringyoursonhere.ThelasttimeshesawJane,shewaslyinginbed.ThefirsttimeIclimbedontothewall,Ifeltnervous.Youarewelcometocomebackanytimeyouwant.二、地点状语从句1.引导地点状语从句的从属连词有where和wherever.指具体地点时,从句可用于主句之前或之后,表示抽象条件的含义时,从句须放在主句之前:Weshouldgowhereweareneededmost.Wherethereisawillthereisaway.Whereverthereissmoke,thereisafire.2.注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句:You’dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.You’dbettermakeamarkattheplacewhereyouhaveanyquestions.三、原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because,as,since,nowthat1.because语气最强,在下列情况下必须用because:1)回到why提出的问题;2)引导表语从句;3)用在强调原因状语从句的强调句中;4)从属连词前有only,just,simply修饰。Hedidn’tspeaktoyou.Itwasbecausehedidn’trecognizeyou.Youshouldn’tgetangryjustbecausesomepeoplespeakillofyou.2.since和as引导的从句强调的是结果,不强调原因,因此它们引导的从句通常在主句前。Since在语气上比as强,表示自然的因果关系,相当于“既然”的意思。As常用于讲话人认为某种理由很明显或对方很熟悉,不需要突出。Nowthat的意义和用法和since相同,其中that可以省去。Sincealotofpeoplemakemistakesinlife,you’dbettergivehimachance.Sincethetwochildrenwerebroughtupinthesouth,theyhaveneverseensnow.Asitwasgettinglate,wehadtogohome.Ashedidn’tknowmuchEnglish,heoftentookadictionarywithhim.Now(that)youarefreetoday,youmayhavearestathomeorgooutforawalk.3.for虽然常翻译成“因为”,但它并不是一个从属连词而是一个并列连词,不是用来说明一种原因,而是用来表示一种附带,或补充解释,或说明,或表示一种推理,它引导的句子不能放在句首,前面有逗号隔开。Wemuststartearly,forwehavealongwaytogo.Hemusthavedoneitbyhimself,fortherewasnooneelseintheroom.四、目的状语从句1.inorderthat与sothat引导的从句中需用情态动词,inorderthat比sothat正式,引导的状语从句可放在主句之前或之后,而sothat引导的从句只能放在主句之后:I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.Inorderthatwemightseethesunrise,westartedforthepeakearly.2.forfearthat,incase引导的状语从句中谓语动