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ParagraphBygroup7group8Paragraph:ParagraphStructureBasicParagraph-BuildingSkillsParagraphStructure:TheBasicParagraphFourElementsoftheParagraphMechanicsinwritingaparagraphTheBasicParagraph:Aparagraphisawritingunitwithagroupofsentencesdevelopingasingleatopicoronemainidea.itcanbeasshortasonesentenceoraslongastensentences.TheessentialelementsFourElementsoftheParagraph:AtopicsentenceSupportingsentencesAconcludingsentenceTransitionalsentencesThetopicsentenceItstartsthemainideaoftheparagraph.Itlimitsthetopictooneortwoareasthatcanbediscussedcompletelyinthespaceofasingleparagraph.Thespecificareasareusuallyidentifiedbysomewordsthatofferthecontrollingidea.SupportingsentencesTheydevelopthetopicsentence.Thatis,theyexplainthetopicsentencebygivingreasons,examples,fact,statisticsandquotations.ConcludingsentenceItsignalstheendoftheparagraphandleavesthereaderwithimportantpointstorememberTransitionalsentenceItprovidesasmoothtransitionbetweendifferentsetsofideasBlackAfricanNations⑴Duringthedecadeofthe1960’s,mostoftheEuropeancoloniesofSub-SaharanAfricaachievedindependence.⑵Inthewest,Nigeria(1960),SierraLeone(1961),andGambia(1965)---allformerBritishcolonies—joinedthefamilyoffreeandindependentnation.⑶Intheeast,Tanzania(1961),Uganda(1962),Kenya(1963),andZambia(1964)alsobecamesovereignstatesfreeofBritishrule.⑷AstheAfricanempireofgreatBritainwasbeingdismantled,France,theothermajorEuropeancolonizer,withdrewfromvastareassouthoftheSahara.⑸ThirteenformerFrenchcolonizersgainednationalstatusinthesingleyear1960:Mauritania,Senegal,Mali,IvoryCoast,UpperVilta,Togo,Dahomey,Niger,Chad,CentralAfricanRepublic,Cameroon,Gabon,andCongo.⑹AlthoughafewEuropeancolonialistsstilloccupyAfricanterritory,the1960’switnessedthebirthofmorethantwentyfreeblacknations.Mechanicsinwritingaparagraph•Indentthefirstlineofeveryparagraph•PayattentiontothetitleBasicParagraph-BuildingSkills:The3StepsinParagraphWritingNumbersandCapitalLettersPunctuationStep1:BeginWithaTopicYouwanttoknowrightfromthestartifyouhaveaclearandworkabletopic.Youwillbeabletousethetopicasaguidewhilewritingyouressay.FromCollegeWritingSkillsWithReadingsUnderstandingaTopicIttellsreadersanessay’stopic.Itpresentsthewriter’sattitude,opinion,idea,orpointaboutthattopic.FromCollegeWritingSkillsWithReadingsWritingAGoodTopic:1.WriteTopic,NotAnnouncementIwanttotalkaboutthecrimewaveinourcountry.Therecentcrimewaveinourcityhasseveralapparentcauses.2.AvoidTopicThatisTooBroadDiseasehasshapedhumanhistory.Inthemid-1980’s,AIDSchangedpeople’sattitudeaboutdating.FromCollegeWritingSkillsWithReadings3.AvoidTopicThatisTooNarrowThespeedlimitnearmyhomeissixty-fivemilesperhour.Thespeedlimitnearmyhomeshouldbeloweredtofifty-fivemilesperhourforseveralreason.4.MakeSureTopicDevelopOnlyOneIdeaOneofthemostseriousproblemsaffectingyoungpeopletodayisbullying,anditistimemorekidslearnedthevalueofhelpingothers.Oneofthemostseriousproblemsaffectingyoungpeopletodayisbullying.1.TopicSentenceattheBeginning2.TopicSentenceattheBeginningandEnd3.TopicSentenceintheMiddle4.TopicSentenceattheEnd5.TopicSentenceImpliedPosition:Step2SupporttheTopicwithSpecificEvidenceTheImportanceofSpecificDetails1.Detailsexcitethereader’sinterest.2.Detailsservetoexplainawriter’spoints.FromCollegeWritingSkillsWithReadingsWritingaHelpfulOutlineinAdvanceTwoTypesofOutline1.TheTopicOutlineP892.TheSentenceOutlineP90RulesforWritinganOutline1.ArrangeOurPointsinGoodandNumberTheminaParallelFormP922,AvoidMixedGrammaticalStructuresP943.DoNotQuestionsinOurOutlineP95ProvidingSpecificEvidenceEXAMPLEWequicklyspruceduptheapartmentbeforeourguestarrived.1.Hidtoysandnewspapersinsparecloset2.Vacuumed(用真空吸尘器清扫)pethairsoffsofa3.Spayedairfreshener(清凉剂)aroundlivingroomForonething,manyproblemsofmentaldisorder（身心机能的失调)maybenipped(伤害)inthebud(未成熟的人).Manystudentsmayfindithardtodealwithpressurefromstudyandpersonalrelationships,andthereforepains,puzzlesandfrustration(挫折)mayarise.Theworkshopwillbeaplacefortheyoungpeopletoreleasetheirpressurebytalkingitawaywithteachersthere.Inthemeantime,teachersmayhaveachancetodetect(洞察)signsofpsychologicalproblemsinadvanceandtakeprecautiousmeasuresaccordingly.Foranother,studentsmayknowsomewaystoimprovetheirmentalhealth.Iftheexpertsoftheworkshopcangivelecturesonregularbasis,thosestudentssufferingfrommentaldisturbances(困扰)willknowwhattodoandfacetheirproblemsbravely.Gainingcoherencefromlogicalorder:1.TimeOrder:Narrativeparagraph2.SpaceOrder:Descriptiveparagraph3.OrderofImportance:alltypesofwriting4.OrderofInductionorDeduction:alltypesofwritingInduction:归纳法deduction:推论法Step3OrganizeandConnecttheSpecificEvidenceGainingcoherencefromtransitionPre-testManypeopleexerciseeverydayandneverloseweight.Exercisingisimportant.Theonlysurewaytoloseweightistostopeating.Manypeopleexerciseeverydayandneverloseweight.Whileexercisingisimportant,theonlysurewaytoloseweightistoeating.Manypeopleexerciseeverydayandneverloseweight.Exercisingisimportant.Still,theonlywaytoloseweightistostopeating.1.TransitionaddcoherenceintwoimportantwaysA.transitionhelpwithinaparagraphTomanyforeigners,theAmericanwor