american+literature美国文学讲义

LectureOneEarlyLiteratureTHECOLONIALPERIOD(1620-1763)HistoricalBackgroundnativeinhabitants:IndiansImmigrantsmostlyfromEurope:Spanish;Dutch;FrenchFirstgroup:1580s-1600sEnglishimmigrantledbyJohnSmith,settlinginJamestown,Virginia,1607(NewEngland),aimingatwealthandhappierlifeHistoricalBackgroundSecondGroup:1610s-1620sPre-puritansasradicalmembersofChurchofEnglandMayFlowerin1620;PlymouthColony;WilliamBradfordasgovernorThirdGroup:after1620sJohnWinthrop;Puritans;MassachusettsBayColony;themostinfluentialimmigrationI.Generaldescription:a.Documents(utilitarian)otherthanLiteraryCreationb.Desireforidentity:description/definitionofanAmericannessII.Culturaldiversity:theNorthvs.theSouth“CittyuponaHill”vs.“valeofplenty”:twoearliestversionsoftheAmericandream•TheSouthernColoniesincluded:Maryland(MD),Virginia(VA),NorthCarolina(NC),SouthCarolina(SC),andGeorgia(GA).•TheMiddlecoloniesincluded:•NewYork(NY),NewJersey(NJ),Delaware(DE)andPennsylvania(PA).•Thenortherncoloniesincluded:•NewHampshire(NH),Massachusetts(MASS),RhodeIsland(RI),andConnecticut(CONN),•Theoriginalnortherncoloniesincluded:•ProvidenceofNewHampshire,MassachusettsBayCompany,ProvidencePlantations,ColonyofRhodeIsland,andConnecticutColony06/04/2006806/04/20069OutlinebyRegionNewEnglandCongregationalistsRhodeIslandBaptistsMiddleColoniesQuakersMennonitesMoraviansLutheransPresbyteriansMarylandRomanCatholicSouthC,NY,etc.AnglicanTheSouth:PlantersCameforEconomicReasonsReligions:mainlyAnglican,BaptistFormedlargeplantations,often100peoplelivingonthem.Literature:moredescriptive,lessreligiousinnatureOralliteratureofAfricanAmericansPlanterEliteoftheSouthownersofthegreatplantations→therichest/mostpowerfulmeninthecoloniesElegantestatesrivaledthemansionsoftheEnglisharistocracyprivilegedcircledifficulttoenterPlanterelite:narrowandexclusive;manycharacteristicsofanaristocracyMountVernonNorthernSocietyWealthyclassalsodevelopedinthenorthMainlymerchantsinvolvedininternationaltradelesswealthythansouthernplantereliteeasiertoenterHardworking,alittleluck,rightcontacts,andalotofdriveandnerveBostonmerchantTheFrontierheavilyforested,claimedbyIndians,andfarfromprotectionofcolonialgovernmentsthechancetomanytobecomeanindependentfarmera“criticalsafetyvalve”forthediscontentedanddissatisfiedCreatedAmericantraditionofmovinginordertofindbetteropportunitiesGENERALFEATURESPropagandisticandutilitarianJohnSmith:TheGeneralHistoryofVirginiaSt.JeanCrevecoeur:LettersfromanAmericanFarmerPuritanicalelementsAnneBradstreet:ToMyDearandLovingHusbandEdwardTaylor:PreparatoryMeditationsJonathanEdwards:SinnersintheHandofanAngryGodIndian-EuropeanconflictPURITANLITERATURETheschismsoftheChristendomMaxWeber:TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalismPuritanism&CalvinismPuritanism:abranchofCalvinismPuritans:avariedgroupofreligiousreformerswithintheChurchofEngland[godly—puritan(anepithetofcontempt)]a.Separatists:theocracy(神权政体)(after1660,dissenters)•Presbyterians(长老会)•Congregationalists(公理会)•Baptists(浸礼会)b.Non-separatist:remainedwithintheChurchofEngland(after1660,nonconformists)DoctrinesofPuritanstakingreligionasthemostimportantthing;livingforglorifyingGod;Believing:a.predestination（命运天定)b.originalsin(原罪)c.totaldepravity(人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝)d.limitedatonement&the“elect”(有限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救)WhatwasaNewEnglandPuritan?“Hewasavisionarywhoneverforgetsthattwoplustwoequalsfour;hewasasoldierofJehovahwhocameoutonthelosingsideofabargain….hewasapracticalidealist….HecametoNewEnglandtofoundtheperfectsocietyandthekingdomoftheelectandneverexpectittobeperfect,butonlythebestthatfalliblemencouldmake.HiscreedwastherevealedwordofGodandhislifewastheruleofmoderation.Hisbeliefswerehandeddownonhighandhisconductwasregulatedbyexpediency.Hewasadoctrinaireandanopportunist”(PerryMiller)AmericanPuritanismFeaturesofAmericanPuritanidealistdreamtheywouldbuildthenewlandtoanEdenonearth.morepractical,tougherthesevereconditionsstruggleforsurvivalpreoccupiedwithbusinessandprofitsacodeofvaluesaphilosophyoflifeapointofviewAmericanPuritanism1.BasisofAmericanliteraturedreamedoflivingunderaperfectorderworkedwithcouragehopedtobuildanEdenofGardenonearthfacedtheworstoflifewithoptimismAllliteratureisbasedonamyth–gardenofEden.EnduringshapinginfluenceonliteratureAmericanPuritanism2.ContributingtothedevelopmentofSymbolism:atechnique,widelyusedPuritansthoughtthatallthesimpleobjectsexistingintheworldconnoteddeepmeaning.EnduringshapinginfluenceonliteratureAmericanPuritanism3.Influencingthestyleofliterature:simple,fresh,anddirect(Protestantaestheticism)(GenevaBiblevs.KJV)WithoutunderstandingofPuritanism,therecanbenogoodunderstandingofAmericancultureandliterature.EnduringshapinginfluenceonliteraturePuritanWriting:ThePurposeofLiteratureistoEdifyHistoriesWilliamBradfordPoetryAnneBradstreetEdwardTaylorSermonsJohnWinthropJonathanEdwardsOfPlymouthPlantation:1.PuritansinMass.→IsraelitesledbyMoses2.God’sprovidentialworkamongthecolonists3.Reminderofreligiousmission“AModelofChristianCharity”1.thehistoricalbackgroundofthefoundationoftheUnitedStates2.hope,courage,joy