college english定语从句

定语从句定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。关系代词引导的定语从句•1关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2)whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin(倒塌).whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?3）which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语）4)介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由“介词+关系代词”引导Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.四．关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.注意：关系副词可以用“介词+关系代词”替换Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichIwasborn.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别•方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.判断改错（错）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.（错）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.判断关系代词与关系副词•（对）Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.（对）I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone•例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.•A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone答案：例1D，例2A•例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。•而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…”通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用A．做宾语时可省略B．可用thatA．不可省B。不用that限制性定语从句举例：TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory..非限制性定语从句举例：Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.难点分析（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1．当先行词是anything,everything,nothing,few,all,none,little,some等代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时.2.当先行词被序数词修饰(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.4.当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时(1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.3.当先行词受such,so,thesame修饰时，常用as.(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.(3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.注意：当先行词由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同。(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。（三）以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导，而且通常可以省略。(1)Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.(四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句(1)Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.(but=whodon’t)定语从句巩固与练习1.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______familywaspoor.A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose2.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towh