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Chapter11.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.(√)2.Whatfirstdrewtheattentionofthelinguisticsweretherulesusedinlanguage.(×)[Whatfirstdrewtheattentionofthelinguisticswerethesoundsusedinlanguage.]3Themajorbranchesoflinguisticsarephonetics,phonedogy,psycholinguistics,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatic,sociolinguistics,andappliedlinguistics.(√)4.Aslinguistbecameinterestinhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchesofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonetics.(×)[Aslinguistbecameinterestinhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchesofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonology.]5.Linguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptiveandmodernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.(√)6.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisadiachronicstudy,butthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangeschangesthoughtimeisasynchronic.(×)[Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy,butthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangeschangesthoughtimeisadiachronic.]7.Langueandparolearerelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.(×)[Langueandparolevariesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.]8.Chomskydefinecompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.(√)9.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenasprimary.(×)[Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary.]10.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(√)11.Languageisarbitrary,thismeansthatthereislogicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.(×)[Languageisarbitrary,thismeansthatthereisnotlogicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.]12.Languagefeaturearearbitrariness,productivity,duality,displacement,culturaltransmission.(√)13.Languageisarbitrarybynature,anditisentirelyarbitrary.(×)[Languageisarbitrarybynature,anditisnotentirelyarbitrary.]14.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.(√)15.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsofthreesetsofstructures,orthreelevels.(×)[Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,orthreelevels.]16.Threemainfunctionsoflanguageare:thedescriptivefunction,theexpressive,andthesocialfunction.(√)17.Languagecannotbeautifulusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.(×)[Languagecanbeautifulusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.]18.whatcannotIdoforyou,girl?Thissentenceillustratestheexpressivefunctionoflanguage.(×)[whatcannotIdoforyou,girl?Thissentenceillustratesthesocialfunctionoflanguage.]19.AnEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,butarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisindicatesculturaltransmissionfeatureoflanguage.(√)20Theideationalfunctionisindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.(×)[Theinterpersonalfunctionisindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.]Chapter21.Speechandwritingarethetwomediaordersubstancesusedbynaturallanguageasvehicleforcommunication.(√)2.Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithapartofthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguage.(×)[Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguage.]3.Thebranchesofphoneticsarearticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphonetics,andacousticsphonetics.(√)4.Phoneticsimilarly,phoneticidentityisthecriterionwithwhichwereoperateinthephonolgicalanalysisoflanguage.(×)[Phoneticsimilarly,notphoneticidentityisthecriterionwithwhichwereoperateinthephonolgicalanalysisoflanguage.]5.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarevoiceless.(√)6.Thespeechorganlocatedinthiscavityarethetongue,theuvula，thesoftpalate（thevelum），thehardpalate，theteethridge（thealveolus），theteethandthelips.(√)7.Twowaystotranscribespeechsoundsarebroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.Narrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly，broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.（×）[Twowaystotranscribespeechsoundsarebroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly，Narrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.]8.Inthecaseofsport，the[p]soundissaidtobeunaspirated，andinthecaseofspeed，the[p]soundissaidtobeaspirated.（×）[Inthecaseofsport，the[p]soundissaidtobeaspirated，andinthecaseofspeed，the[p]soundissaidtobeunaspirated.]9.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways：oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.（√）10.IntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintosixtypes：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、andbilabial.（×）[IntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintosixtypes：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、andglides.]11.Intermsofplaceofarticulation，theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintoseventypes：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、