语法专项一——名词直击考点1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;2.名词所有格的构成及用法;3.近义名词的辨析。一、名词分类类别意义典型例词普通名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词girl,pen,book,door,panda可数名词集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的名词police,people,family,classteam,army物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词water,rice,soup,wood,tea,juice不可数名词抽象名词表示行为、品质、感情或状态等抽象概念的词knowledge,love,danger,health,music专有名词表示特定的人、地方、专门机构或团体等名称的词Tom,MrBrown,Beijing,University,NewYork,TheComunistPartyofChina,PacificOcean二、名词的数名词有可数和不可数之分。可数名词:表示可以计算数目的人或物的名称为可数名词。可数名词分为单数可数名词和复数可数名词。不可数名词:表示不能计算数目的人或物的名词为不可数名词,前面不能加a或an,没有复数形式。1、单数可数名词:前一般要用不定冠词a或an.a加在以辅音开头的名词前,an加在以元音开头的名词前。anegg注意:a\an后面有时紧接的不是单数名词,而是a\an+形容词+单数名词的形式。用a还是an要看紧跟其后的形容词开头字母的发音,而不是看名词。___________neworange2、复数可数名词:复数可数名词是在单数后面加-s或-es.名词复数的规则变化(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors,boy→boys。(2)以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。注意:以th结尾的加s,例如:month---months,mouth---mouths(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities,factory→factories,country→countries,family→families。注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys,day→days。(4)以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves,half→halves。(5)以o结尾的加-es或-s。有生命的加-es例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,Negro—Negroes,mango—mangoes无生命的词末尾只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,photo→photos,piano→pianos。复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。情况读法例词在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后[s]cups,hats,cakes在[s][z]等音后[iz]glasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces在[b][d][g][v]等浊辅音后[z]beds,dogs,cities,knives3、名词复数的不规则变化(1)元音发生变化:例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,mouse→mice,goose—geese【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Americans;Australians;Indians由man,woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数,如:menworkers,womenteachers。(2)单复数形式相同:例如:Chinese,Japanese(中日不变,英法变,其余s加后面),sheep,deer,fish等。(这些名词都是可数名词)(3)有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,注意:这类名词前不可以直接加a\an,也不能直接加数词,表示数量时需用a\an\数词+名词+of+名词的结构。例如:twopairsoftrousers.(4)词尾发生变化:child—childrenox—oxen注意:(1)单数形式但其意为复数的名词:people,police等(这两个词当主语时,谓语就是复数)。(2)有些名词虽然是以s结尾,但是它不是名词的复数,而是单数本身词尾为s。应作为名词单数来看。mathsphysicsnews4.不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:(1)用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any等表示多少,例如:Therichmanhasalotofmoney.Thereissomemilkinthebottle.Isthereanywaterintheglass?Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice.(2)当表示不可数名词的确切数量时,通常可在不可数名词前加上表示数量的单位词。例如:apieceofpaperapieceofwoodapieceofbreadabottleoforangeaglassofwater(milk)acupofteaacupofteaabagofricethreebagsofrice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:twocupsofteafourpiecesofpaperthreeglassesofwater三、名词的所有格名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。1.表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's,其复数形式是',例如:astudent'sroom,students'rooms,father'sshoes。2.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's,如:Children'sDay,women’ssmile3.在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's/s’,例如:atwentyminutes'walk,tenmiles'journey,aboat'slength,twopounds'weight,tendollars'worth。4.无生命名词的所有格则必须用of+名词结构,例如:amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecoloroftheflowers。5.有时’s结构可以转换成of结构以示强调。thegirl’sskirt=theskirtofthegirl6.双重所有格,例如:afriendofmyfather's。7.如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示“分别有”,例如:John'sandMary'srooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Tom'sandMary'sbikes(两人各自的自行车)。两个名词并列,只有一个's,则表示“共有”,例如:JohnandMary'sroom(约翰和玛丽共有一间);TomandMary'smother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。四、名词的语法作用:做主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语。名词专项习题一、单项选择1.These_________havesavedmanychildren’slives.A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorC.womendoctorsD.womandoctor2.Thisis_________bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.A.AnneandJaneB.Anne’sandJane’sC.Anne’sandJaneD.AnneandJane’s3.---Arethereany________onthefarm?---Yes,therearesome.A.horseB.duckC.chickenD.sheep4.---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,________ororange?---Orange,please.A.hamburgerB.chipC.tea5.---Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem______?---Certainly.A.somebottlesofwatersB.somebottlesofwaterC.somebottleofwaterD.somebottleofwaters6.Mikehurtoneofhis______intheaccidentyesterday.A.toothB.feetC.handD.ear7.Thereissome_______ontheplate.A.cakesB.meatC.potatoD.pears8.—Whatis________brother?—HeisapolicemanA.Jim’sandPaul’sB.JimandPaulC.JimandPaul’s9.The______hastwo_______.A.boys;watchesB.boy;watchC.boy;watchesD.boys;watch10.Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already.A.toothB.toothsC.teethD.teeths11,---It’sdangeroushere.We’dbettergooutquickly.---ButIthinkweshouldlet_______gooutfirst.A.womanandchildrenB.womenandchildC.womanandchildD.womenandchildren12.Aretheygoingtohaveapicnicon_______?A.Children’sDayB.Childrens’sDayC.ChildrensDayD.ChildrenDay13.Whatapity!LiuXiangdidn’twinthe_____hurdles(跨栏).A.110-meterB.110-metersC.110meterD.110meters14.—Whydoyoulooksoexcited,Tim?—I’vejustgotawonderful________.A.newsB.jobC.furniture15.Thereissome_______ontheplate.A.appleB.fishC.milksD.deer16.—Arethose______?---No,theyaren’t.They’re_____.A.sheep;cowsB.sheep;cowC.sheeps;cowD.sheeps;cows17.Mum,I’mquitethirsty.Pleasegiveme____.A.twoorangeB.twobottlesoforangeC.twobottlesorangeD.twobottlesoforanges18.Ihavegot___newsfrommyfriend.Doyouwanttoknow?A.averygoodB.anyC.apieceofD.twopieces19.___roomisonthe5thfloor.A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLily’sC.Lucy’sandLilyD.Lucy’sandLily’s20.EverymorningMr.Smithtakesa____tohisoffice.A.20minutes’walkB.20minute’swal