初中英语总复习知识点归纳冠词a/an的用法a用于辅音音素前ausefulbook,auniversity,a“u”Onceaweekhaveaswim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/resthaveacold/headache/fever/coughhaveagoodtimehaveatryinahurryafterawhilekeepadiarygoforawalkinaminuteinawordinashortwhilean则用于元音音素前anhour,anhonestboy,an“AEFHILMNORSX”keepaneyeon定冠词the的用法:1)特指双方都明白的人或物:Givemethebook.2)上文提到过的人或事:---Doyouknowtheladyinblue?–Yes,sheisateacherofauniversity.3)指世上独一物二的事物thesun(sky/moon/earth/world/nature/universe)4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:thedollar美元;Thelionisawildanimal.或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:therich/poor/blind/aged/living/impossible5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面:Iliveonthesecondfloor.6)用在表示身体部位的名词前:Shecaughtmebythearm.7)用在表示乐器和表方位的名词之前:Sheplaysthepiano\violin\guitarinthenorthofChina8)用在普通名词构成专有名词前:thePeople'sRepublicofChinatheUnitedStatestheGreatWalltheSummerPalace9)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:theGreensareplayingthepiano.10)intheday,inthemorning(afternoon,evening),inthemiddle(of),intheend,allthetimeatthesametimeonthewhole,bytheway,gotothecinemaatheageofsixatthebeginningofthetwenty-firstcenturyontheothersideofatthemomentthedayaftertomorrowthedaybeforeyesterday,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field,country)inthedark,intherain,不用定冠词的情况1)国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:China,Europe欧洲LeiFeng雷锋2)物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败乃成功之母。3)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;Children’sDayMother’sDayFather’sDay4)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;Heiscaptainoftheteam.5)在三餐、四季,球类运动、学科、娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词如:havebreakfast/supper/lunch,playbasketball/football/volleyball/chess,inspring/summer/autumn/winter6)当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;bybus/train/taxi/bus/ship7)DayandnightfacetofacesidebysidestepbystepwatchTVatschool/work/homeatfirst/lastindangerintroubleonfootondutyonwatchinbedontimeintimegotoschoolgotoworkbytaxi/bikeatnoonatnightonTVattown部分词组有无冠词的区别inhospital生病住院inthehospital在医院里infrontof在---的前面inthefrontof在----内部的前面gotoschool上学gototheschool到学校去anumberof=alotof许多,谓语动词用复数。Thenumberof----的数目,----的总数,谓语动词用单数(第三人称单数)名词:专有名词和普通名词(个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词)可数名词的单数变复数①一般情况加s②以s,xshch,等结尾的词加-esbus-buseswatch-watches③以o结尾的名词,无生命的加s,如:photo---photospiano---pianos有生命的es,如:potato--potatoestomato--tomatoes均可,如:zero---zeros/zeroes④以f或fe结尾的名词,去f,fe加ves,如:half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves(加s,如:belief---beliefsroof---roofssafe---safesgulf---gulfs;)⑤以辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y为i,再加esbaby---babies⑥不规则:a.单复数形式一样。Sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese.People,police,scissors,trousersb.其他的。foot—feettooth---teethchild—childrenmouse---miceman---menwoman---womenbusinessman---businessmenGerman---Germanswomendoctors集体名词:People,police,(一般表示一个整体,谓用复数)class,family,glasses不可数名词:常见的不可数名词有:information,news,room(空间),work,work,weather,advice,bread,food,milk,tea,ice,glasses,meat①Alittle,abitof,some,much,alotof,quitealotof常修饰不可数名词.②不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。③如果用and连接两个不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Timeandmoneyare-④Acup\glass\bottle\box\kilo\group\crowd\class\pairofTwoandahalfkilosof=twokilosandahalfof名词所有格在英语中有些名词可以加's来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateacher'sbook。名词所有格的规则如下:1)单数名词词尾加's,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加's,如theboy'sbag,men'sroomChildren’sDayMother’sDayFather’sDay2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加',如:Teachers’Dayladies’roomtwentyminutes’walk3)凡不能加's的名词,都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字;Apictureoffamily;amapofChina4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:thebarber's理发店。5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示分别有;只有一个's,则表示'共有'。John'sandMary'sroom(两间)JohnandMary'sroom(一间)6)复合名词或短语,'s加在最后一个词的词尾。如:amonthortwo'sabsence7)双重所有格afriendofmine/hers/his/theirsafriendofMary’smother’s代词1、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词I—me—my—mine—myselfyou—you—your—yourself(yourselves)he—him—his—his—himselfshe—her—her—hers—herselfit—it—its—its—itselfwe—us—our—ours—ourselvesthey—them—their—theirs—themselves人称顺序you,he,she,I;we,you,they主格作主语;宾格作宾语,动词和介词之后通常作宾格;形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,通常放在名词之前;名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词,“of+名词性物主代词”表示所属关系。Afriendofmine我的一位朋友;teacherofhers她的老师代词it的用法:①指代前面提到过的事物。②表天气。③表距离。④指婴儿和不明身份的人。---John,someoneinyourclassphonedyouthismorning.---Oh,whowasit?⑤用作形式主语。It’skind/good/nice/clever/polite/foolishofsb.todosth.It’simportant/necessary/possible/easy/difficultforsbtodosth,It’stimetogetup.It’stimeforlunch.It’sone’sturntodoItseemsthatIttakessb.sometimetodosth.⑥用作形式宾语。Find/think/feel+it+adj+todosthItone的区别It特指上文提到的同一对象,同一事物。one同类而不同一。that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复。反身代词构成规则:一、二物主,三为宾。运用:hurt/teach/wash/buy/enjoyoneselfby/Helponeself(oneselves)to---/Lookafteroneself/Saytooneself/Cometooneself2、不定代词little,alittle,few,afew=several(some),some,anymuch,toomuch,muchtoo,morethen=over,lessthan=nearlysomething某事,某物,用于肯定句。注意:⑴由复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。Everyoneishere.⑵修饰不定代词的形容词后置。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.⑶在反意疑问句中,表示人的复合代词在陈述句中作主语时,附加问句中的主语用he或they,表物的用it。anything任何事物,某事物,用于否定句、疑问句。everything每件事,一切事物,用于各种句型。nothing没什么,没有任何东西。=not----anythingsomebody某人,有人=someoneanybody任何人(用于否定句、疑问句,条件从句中)nobody没有人little,几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰不可数名词。Alittle①一点点,表示肯定,用以修饰不可数名词。Onlyalittle仅一点点.②也可修饰形容词和副词。③一点点,放在动词、动词宾语后。few几乎没有,表示否定意思,用以修饰可数名词。afew=several几个,一些,表示肯定意思,用以修饰可数名词。some一些,修饰可数名词,后跟复数形式名词或ones,也可修饰不可数名词。在表示请求、委婉语气的疑问句和表示希望得到对方的肯定回答的问句中,常用s