泛读教程4-unit8-The-Holocaust

theholocaustby冯选丽02郑舒017周婷019TheNaziholocaustisnationalcleaning(genocide)thataimedatkillallJewsinNaziGermanyinthesecondworldwar.Theholocaustinworldwaristhemostfamousholocaustinwhichmorethan6millionJewswerekilledbyvariousofwaysincludingshot,deliberatelyfreezing,deliberatelystarvetodeathandpoisongas,etc.ThewordHolocaustisfromtheGreekandmeansusingfiresacrifice.TheHolocaust◆AdolfHitler◆TheNaziParty◆Kristallnacht◆ThereasonoftheHolocaust◆TheprocessoftheHolocaust◆ThewaysoftheHolocaust◆NaziConcentrationcamp◆TheinfluenceoftheHolocaustPhotocredit:USHMMPhotoArchivesPhotocredit:NationalArchives,courtesyofUSHMMPhotoArchivescourtesyofUSHMMPhotoArchivesAdolfHitlerAdolfHitler(1889-1945)wasthefounderandleaderoftheNaziPartyandthemostinfluentialvoiceintheorganization,implementationandexecutionoftheHolocaust,thesystematicextermination(根除；灭绝）andethniccleansingofsixmillionEuropeanJewsandmillionsofothernon-aryans.（非雅利安人）In1933,hebecameChancellorofGermanyandthecountrybecameaone-partystate.HitlerwastheHeadofState,SupremeCommanderoftheArmedForcesandguidingspirit,orfuhrer,ofGermany'sThirdReichfrom1933to1945RiseoftheNaziPartycourtesyofUSHMMPhotoArchivesHitler’sPromisesBetterlifeGermanygreatnationRacialpurityHitlerYouthParadeHitlerYouthmarchthroughNuremberg,GermanypastNaziofficials.Emblem（徽章）oftheNaziPartytheNaziPartyNaziParty：NationalSocialistGermanWorkers’PartypoliticalpartyofthemassmovementknownasNationalSocialism.UndertheleadershipofAdolfHitler,thepartycametopowerinGermanyin1933andgovernedbytotalitarianmethodsuntil1945Photocredits:HauptstaatsarchivStuttgart,courtesyofUSHMMPhotoArchivesKristallnacht“TheNightOfBrokenGlass”Kristallnacht(1938)•OnNovember9—10，1938,JewishminorHerschelGrünspanassassinatedNaziGermandiplomatErnstvomRathinParis.•ThisincidentwasusedbytheNazisasapretexttogobeyondlegalrepressiontolarge-scalephysicalviolenceagainstJewishGermans.•JewswereattackedandJewishpropertywasvandalized,over7,000Jewishshopsandmorethan1,200synagogues(roughlytwo-thirdsofthesynagoguesinareasunderGermancontrol)weredamagedordestroyed.•Afterthesepogroms,JewishemigrationfromGermanyaccelerated,whilepublicJewishlifeinGermanyceasedtoexist.“YouhavenorighttoliveamongusasJews.”ThereasonoftheHolocaust•ThereasonoftheHolocaustismainlytheracism.Hitlerisanextremeracistandananti-Semitic.HeregardedJewsastherootofallevilandtherootofalldisastersandthedestroyerofhumanlifeorder.TheNaziPartythinktheGermannationisthemostexcellentpeople,sotheymadeanti-Semitismamajorplankofitspoliticalplatform.TheprocessoftheHolocaustTheNazionslaught(攻击)ontheJewscanbedividedintotwomainphases:Ⅰ.FromHitler’saccessiontopowerin1933untilabout1941.InthisphasestheaimistomakeGermanyfreeofJews.Ⅱ.From1941totheendofwarin1945.ThisphaseoftheNazionslaughtontheJewswasevenmoreextreme,andincludethenotorious(臭名昭著的)“FinalSolution”.ThewaysoftheHolocaustThegenocideoftheJewswasaffectedintwomainways.First,specialmobileunitsfollowedtheadvancingGermanarmiesandshotalltheJewstheycouldfind.Second,Jewswereherdedintocampswheretheywereeitherworkedtodeath,starvedorgassed.NaziConcentrationcampBergen-Belsen(贝尔艮-贝尔森集中营)Sachsenhausen(萨克森豪森集中营)Dachau(达豪集中营)Auschwitz(奥斯维辛集中营)Auschwitz(奥斯维辛集中营)奥斯威辛集中营是纳粹德国在二战期间修建的最大的集中营，始建于１９４０年４月，是距波兰首都华沙３００多公里的奥斯威辛市附近大小４０多个集中营的总称。德国纳粹在这里监禁过数百万人，并屠杀了其中的１１０多万人，受害者绝大部分是犹太人。１９４５年１月２７日，苏联红军解放了奥斯威辛集中营，７０００名幸存者获得了新生。Bergen-Belsen(贝尔艮-贝尔森集中营)贝尔根·贝尔森集中营（Bergen-Belsen），又称贝尔森。纳粹德国集中营，在距汉诺威州采勒（当时属普鲁士）西北16千米处的贝尔根和贝尔森两村附近。1943年7月建立，部分为战俘营，部分为犹太人转运营。设计容量为1万人，但在第二次世界大战结束时，关押达4．1万人。这个集中营虽然没有毒气室，但死于饥饿、疾病、过度劳累以及肮脏的生活环境者达3．7万人之多。纳粹用推土机将尸体推人万人坑掩埋。AwagonpiledhighwithcorpsesoutsidethecrematoriumintheliberatedBuchenwaldconcentrationcamp(April1945)FamilybeingforcedintoGhettos(犹太人区）Peoplebeing“resettled”toConcentrationCampsPrisonersarrivingatthecamps…TheinfluenceoftheHolocaustTheNazismurderedaroundsixmillionJews,totallydestroyingthegreatJewishcommunitiesofGermanyandofcentralandeasternEurope.ThecenterofJewishculturemovedfromEuropetoIsraelandtheUSA.Thus,theHolocaustwasapivotal(关键的）elementoftwentieth-centuryJewishhistoryandhaveaprofoundimpactonJewishlifeandthought.EntrancetoAuschwitz“Workwillsetyoufree”CrowdedConditionsPhotocredit:GermanNationalArchivesEventheveryyoung…ResistanceRighteousAmongtheNations»OskarSchindler»RaoulWallenberg»VarianFryWallenbergSchindlerFryGroupportraitofaresistanceunitResistanceFightersLiberatedRussianchildrencheer/DachauKindertransportLocalSurvivorDr.LarryGladstone–Dr.LarryGladstoneLocalSurvivorLocalSurvivorOlgaBowmanmuseumfounderandLOCALSURVIVORHenryKellenHolocaustVictims…–6millionJews•1.5millionchildrenunder12–“OtherUndesirables”•5million11MILLIONKILLED11million5MillionUndesirablesKilled6MillionJewsKilled1.5millionchildrenundertheageof12werekilledThecurrentTOTALpopulationofElPasoandJuarezis1.5millionpeoplePhotocredit:MeczenstwoWalka,ZagladaAydówwPolsce1939-1945.Polandtheend