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英国文学整理之静候佳音1TermsPart1:EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiteratureAnglo-Saxon①ThetermAnglo-SaxonisusedbysomehistorianstodesignatetheGermanictribeswhoinvadedandsettledthesouthandeastofBritainbeginningintheearly5thcenturyandtheperiodfromtheircreationoftheEnglishnationuptotheNormanConquest.②TheAnglo-SaxoneradenotestheperiodofEnglishhistorybetweenabout550and1066.③Thetermisalsousedforthelanguage,nowknownasOldEnglish,thatwasspokenandwrittenbytheAnglo-SaxonsandtheirdescendantsinEngland(andpartofsoutheasternScotland)betweenatleastthemid-5thcenturyandthemid-12thcentury.OldEnglishperiod(theAnglo-Saxonperiod)①TheOldEnglishperiod,extendedfromtheinvasionofCelticEnglandbyGermanictribesinthefirsthalfofthe5thcenturytotheconquestofEnglandin1066bytheNormanFrench.②OnlyaftertheyhadbeenconvertedtoChristianityinthe7thcenturydidtheAnglo-Saxons,whoseearlierliteraturehadbeenoral,begintodevelopawrittenliterature.Chronicle(编年史)①Generallyachronicleisahistoricalaccountoffactsandeventsrangedinchronologicalorder,asinatimeline.②Typically,equalweightisgivenforhistoricallyimportanteventsandlocalevents,thepurposebeingtherecordingofeventsthatoccurred,seenfromtheperspectiveofthechronicler.③ThemostimportantEnglishchroniclesaretheAnglo-SaxonChronicle,startedunderthepatronageofKingAlfredinthe9thcenturyandcontinueduntilthe12thcentury.Gleeman(吟游诗人)①Agleemanwasawanderingminstrel,bard,orotherpoetcommoninmedievalEuropebutextincttoday.②Theywerealowerclassthanjestersorjongleurs,becausetheydidnothavesteadywork,butroamedaboutmakingtheirlivinginstead.kenning(隐喻表达法)①InoldEnglishpoetry,itisanelaboratephrasethatdescribespersons,things,andeventsinametaphoricalandindirectway.②Itintheformofacompoundthatemploysfigurativelanguageinplaceofamoreconcretesingle-wordnoun.③Thetermkenninghasbeenappliedbymodernscholarstosimilarfiguresofspeechinotherlanguagestoo,especiallyOldEnglish.Alliteration(头韵)①Itistherepetitionofaspeechsoundinasequenceofnearbywords.英国文学整理之静候佳音2②Thetermisusuallyappliedonlytoconsonants,andonlywhentherecurrentsoundbeginsawordorastressedsyllablewithinaword.③Alliterationhasdevelopedlargelythroughpoetry,inwhichitmorenarrowlyreferstotherepetitionofaconsonantinanysyllablesthat,accordingtothepoem'smeter,arestressedOldalliterativeverseInoldalliterativeverse,eachlinecontainedthreealliterativewords,twoofwhichwereplacedinthefirsthalf,andthethirdinthesecondhalf.PiersthePlowmanisoneofitsrepresentatives.Epic(史诗)①Itisoriginallyanoralnarrativepoem,majesticbothinthemeandstyle.②Epicsdealwithlegendaryorhistoricaleventsofnationaloruniversalsignificance,involvingactionsofbroadsweeporgrandeur.Theyalsodealwiththeexploitsofasingleindividual,therebygivingunitytothecomposition.③GreatepicsincludeTheOdysseybyHomer.Beowulf①BeowulfistheconventionaltitleofanOldEnglishheroicepicpoem,whichiscommonlyregardedasthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxonliterature.②TheepicdescribestheexploitsofaScandinavianhero,Beowulf,infightingagainstthemonsterGrendel,hisrevengefulmother,andafire-breathingdragoninhisdecliningyears.Hekilledthedragonatthecostofhislife.③Beowulfisshownnotonlyasgloriousherobutalsoasaprotectorofthepeople.MiddleEnglishperiod①ItisthefourandhalfcenturiesaftertheNormanConquestin1066.②Itundergoneradicalchangesinthelanguage,life,andcultureofEngland.③About1500,whenthestandardliterarylanguagehadbeenrecognizably“modernEnglish”,thatis,similartothelanguagewespeakandwritetoday.Anglo-Normanperiod①Thespanfrom1100to1350issometimesdiscriminatedastheAnglo-Normanperiod,becausethenon-LatinliteratureofthattimewasmainlyinAnglo-Norman.②ThislanguageistheFrenchdialectspokenbytheinvaderswhohadestablishedthemselvesastherulingclassofEngland,andwhosharedaliteraryculturewithFrench-speakingareasofmainlandEurope.Romance(罗曼史/骑士文学)①ItisthemostprevailingkindofliteratureinmedievalEngland,whichisanyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldanddealswithheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.②Originally,thetermreferredtoamedievaltaledealingwiththelovesandadventuresofkings,queens,knightsandladies,andincludingunlikelyorsupernaturalhappenings.③JohnKeats’sTheEvenofSt.Agnesisoneofthegreatestmetricalromanceseverwritten.Courtlylove(宫廷式恋爱/典雅爱情)①CourtlylovewasamedievalEuropeanconceptionofnoblyandchivalrously英国文学整理之静候佳音3expressingloveandadmiration.②Generally,courtlylovewassecretandbetweenmembersofthenobility.③Itwasalsogenerallynotpracticedbetweenhusbandandwife.Legend(传奇)①Alegendisanarrativeofhumanactionsthatareperceivedbothbytellerandlistenerstotakeplacewithinhumanhistoryandtopossesscertainqualitiesthatgivethetaleverisimilitude.②Amajorityoflegendsoperatewithintherealmofuncertainty,neverbeingentirelybelievedbytheparticipants,butalsoneverbeingresolutelydoubted③Legenddiffersfrommythsonthebasisoftheelementofhistoricaltruththeycontain.Arthurianlegend(亚瑟王传奇)①Itisagroupoftales(inseverallanguages)thatdevelopedintheMiddleAgesconcerningArthur,semi-historicalkingoftheBritons.②ThelegendisacomplexweavingofancientCelticmythologywithlatertraditionsaroundacoreofpossiblehistoricalauthenticity.Ballad(民谣)①Aballadisasto