ACTABIOPHYSICASINICAVol.24No.6Dec.2008,(QsamuShimomura)、·(MartinChalfie)(RoserYTsien)2008。20,、。20:,。20,,。,,、。,,、,。,。,21,(greenfluorescentprotein,GFP),“GFP”,。GFP,、、、、、、,。,GFP。pH、GFP。GFP。GFP,GFP,。,GFP,。,GFP,。GFP、、。,:1)GFP;2)GFP;3)GFP;4)GFP;5)GFP;6)GFP。2008。1GFP(GFP),MorinHastings,238。GFP65~67(Ser-Tyr-Gly)———(1)。GFP400nm,470nm,505nm,540nm(2)。———、M覽nsEhrenberg(DepartmentofCellandMolecularBiology,BMC,UppsalaUniversity,Sweden),()()6———、3GFP。α-4,GFPSer65-Tyr66-Gly67HORNNHNHOOOOHTyr66Gly67orotherunfolded/denaturedconformationSerorThr65(R=HorMe)folding(t1/2~10min)HOOOHNHONHNHOHHORcyclizationdchydrationt1/2-3minforcyclization+dehydrationNHHNROOHOHNOONNOOHRHONHOONNROHNHHOt1/2-19~83minaerialoxidationO2H2O2?GFP11β-,α-(3)。α-,(1,3)。β-α-。NCGFP,N2,C6。,3。GFP,Ser65-Tyr66-Gly67(4,)。GFP,(4,),Gly67Ser65,(4,)(4,)。,GFP。,66αβ,(4,),GFP。GFP,。GFP,,GFP,GFP,、。,GFP,。GFP,GFP,,。2GFP()()(TsienR.AnnuRevBiochem,1998,67:509~544)1.00.80.60.40.20300400500600ONNHONNOO-42320083GFPGFP,,GFP。,FRET、(fluorescencecorrelationspectroscopy,FCS)、(fluorescencecrosscorrelationspectroscopy,FCCS)、(fluorescencerecoveryafterphoto-bleaching,FRAP),GFP。,(fluorescencelife-timeimaging,FLIM)、(photo-activationlocalizationmicroscopy,PALM)GFP。,,GFP。1992,GFP20000,。GFP,GFP。GFPGFP,、。GFP,。2GFP,GFP。:1),(1),,;2),,,;3)GFP,;4);5);6)GFP。,GFP。,GFP。(fluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer,FRET),,。FRET100魡,GFP。GFP。,GFP,———,,GFP。(Antozoans)GFP,,。2002,GFP5。GFP,。5GFP(MatzMV,etal.Bioessays,2002,24:953~959)Cyan-greenclusterC-GFP(1)GFPY-GFP(2)Orange-redclusterhcriCP(4)cglgCP(4)gtenCP(4)asulCP(3)rfloRFPzoan2RFPmcavRFPDSRedcis2RFPzoanYFPrfloGFPmcavGFPdis3GFPrmueGFPdendGFPptilGFPscubGFP1&2zoanGFPclavGFPdstrGFPamajGFPcgigGFPasulGFPhcriGFPB-GFP(1)400450500550600750nm4246———、6GFPMinC(MinD)(DavidFange,Uppsala,unpublisheddataobtainedinthelaboratoryofJ.PaulssoninHarvard,Med.School)。:。5GFP-MinC:(,2,3,4),(,1,2,3,4)。,MinC。,MinD,6,MinDE。,GFP,、。,。GFP、,。GFP。,,,;,,。GFP,。,,。GFP,GFPGFP。,FRET。GFP。GFP,GFP,,GFP。FCCS。GFP,,。GFP。GFP。、。GFP,。,,。,GFP。GFP,pH、Ca2+。,GFP,。4GFP。DavenportNicol。1960,OsamuShimomuraFrankJohnson,。Shimomura,YHirata(Cypridina)。。,(aequorin),Ca2+。,,。,4252008Shimomura。,Shimomura,(λmax=470)GFP(λexmax=460nm),GFP510nm(λemmax508~515nm)。,,:GFP,。,FRET,GFP。Shimomura(1974),GFP,GFP。Shimomura,,GFP,。GFP,,。,(1)。GFP,CodyGFP。,Shimomura。SerGly(1)。,ShimomuraGFP,GFP,,。,FRETGFP,。,GFP。,Shimomura,GFP10。5GFPMJCormierDouglasPrasher,。cDNA,PrsherGFPDNAGFP。,168(ORF),。,GFP(1)。cDNA,GFP,238,65~67Ser-Tyr-Gly。GFP,,GFP,。,Prasher:“GFP。,GFP,。”Prasher、WardGFP。,Shimomura,,(1)。Shimomura,Ser65Gly67。GFP,GFPSer-Tyr-GlyGFP。:“。,。”GFP,,,GFP。MartinChalfieSidneyBrenner(2002),———4266———、7(C.elegans)GFP。ALMRPLMR,。。。ALMR();(ChalfieM,etal.Science,1994,263:802~805)ALMRPLMR(C.elegans)。SBrennerGFP,。ChalfieGFP,。,Prasher,PrasherGFP(gfp),。GFP,。(sixtouchreceptorneurons)β-。Chalfiegfp,GFP。19939,Chalfie《》GFP,942。,199310WormBreeder'sGazette“”,。:“(,GFP),()。GFP。,GFPlacZ,。”GFP,RogerTsien(Sacharomycescerevisiae),LaniniMackeon(Ibid)。,(Drosophilamelanogaster),GFP。GFP,GFPGFP,GFP。,GFP。,MartinChalfieDouglasPrashergfp,GFP,。,GFP,。6GFPGFPRogerTsiengfp,,,GFP。,,,GFP。Tsien,GFP,。,GFP,GFP。(4)。,GFP,,GFP(2)。GFP,。,TsienGFP42720089DsRed(ShanerNC,etal.NatureMethods,2005,2(12):905~909),GFP,,,(6)。,RemingtonTsienYangGFP,。GFP,Tsien。DsRed,Lukyanov。TsienDsRed。,GFP,DsRed。DsRed。TsienDsRed。TsienShaner。8DsRed。9。8DsRed。(A);(B)DsRed(ShanerNC,etal.NatureBiotechnology,2004,22:1567~1572)mRFP1Q66MT147SmRFP1.1Q66MGFP-izedN/Ctermdimer2T1DsReddTomatoAY678268tdTomatoAY678269M66CQ213LV71M182KGFP-izedN/CtermNNMAins.Y67WT195VM66TmOFP.T.8L83FS62TQ64NQ213LT41FmOrangeAY678265mStrawberryAY678266mTangerineAY6782701197EGFP-izedN/CtermNNMAins.mRFP1.4mBananaAY678267M163QT195VmCherryAY678264AY678271mHioneydewtdimer2(12)(A)(B)5555555555555555115115115115115115115115175175175175175175175175225225231231225231231225DsRedmRFP1mCherrymStrawberrymTangerinemOrangemBananamHoneydewDsRedmRFP1mCherrymStrawberrymTangerinemOrangemBananamHoneydewDsRedmRFP1mCherrymStrawberrymTangerinemOrangemBananamHoneydewDsRedmRFP1mCherrymStrawberrymTangerinemOrangemBananamHoneydew4286———、RogerTsien,、、。,GFP、(CaM)、、(M13)GFP。,M13,GFP,FRET。,FRET。,RogerTsienGFP。GFP,,、,。RogerTsienGFPGFP,“”。429