美国联邦制的发展沿革

20026()165No.6,2002JournalofTianjinNormalUniversity(SocialScience)SumNo.165谭　融,　于家琦(,300071):美国的联邦制经历了由“二元联邦主义”、“合作联邦主义”到“新联邦主义”的发展历程,即保持权力关系的相对平衡,相对平衡的权力关系被打破到重新寻求平衡权力关系的过程,反映了美国联邦政治的“弹性”。如今美国联邦政府在政策过程中居于主导地位。时势的变迁要求联邦政府保持管理国家事务的权力,传统与现实又要求保留州政府和地方政府独立发展的权力地位,美国联邦政府和州政府只能在兼顾两方面因素的前提下共存。:联邦制;“二元联邦主义”;“合作联邦主义”;“新联邦主义”;权力关系:D503:A:1671-1106(2002)06-0012-07:2002-04-03:(1952),,,,;(1980),,,,,,,,[1](P76),,,,,,,,(dualfederalism)17892030,[2](P176),,,,[2](P176),,[3](P51),,,,,17891865,,:,12;,,,[4](P60),,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,1819,(McCullochv.Maryland),,:,,,[5](P14430),1824(Gibbonsv.Ogden),,,,,;,,,[6](P84),,,,,17911816,(theBankoftheUnitedStates)(theSecondBankoftheUnitedStates),,,(18111832)1846,,,,1820,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,[7]:,,,,,13,,1861,,,,,,,,,,1315,,[5](P3940),,[8](P499)1920,,,,,1887,,,,(theInterstateCommerceAct),(theInterstateCommerceCommission),,1890,(ShermanAnti-trustAct),,1913,,,,16,,[9](P93)1914,,,[10](P292293)(FederalTradeCommissionAct)(1914)(1916),2030,,1868,,,1895,,1894,18[11](P121),,,,,,,(cooperativefederal-ism),,,[2](P179),14:,20302070,,19,,,,,,1876192040,30001330018508800192040600050,3,29270[2](P180),,,19291933(thegreatdepression),,,,,,1933,(newdeal),;,193736,,,[11](P123)19381942,,2060,,,:,,,,[7]206070,,,,70,720,1/6,600,150[11](P124),1925194116,400%2030,,40,1940,27800,50,[2](P181),15,,,,,2060,,,6(1963-1969),420[12](P694695),,,,,,,,,,,,(categorical-formulagrant),,:,,90%[13](P149),,,,,207080,(newfederalism),,20702060,,,,60[14](P81),,,(revenuesharing),,1972,,1972,3021/32/3[15](P81),,,,1981,19821,,,16[16](P299),,,,(blockgrants)1982,:,1984,,;,1984,43,,1988[17](P79)1984,280,[2](P182183),1987,,,,,,,,19811984,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1993,,,,[7]1995,,,19961997,1.2,199325401997217[18](1998,P640)1998,20002560[19]2001,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,17,:[1][].[M].:,1996.[2].[M].:,1994.[3]Gitelson,D.&D.AmericanGovernment[M].Boston:HoughtonMifflinCompany,1988.[4]Donoran,J.C.etal.DemocracyattheCrossroads[M].NewYork:Holt,RinehartandWinston,1978.[5][].[M].:,1979.[6][].[M].:,1989.[7]Boyd,E.AmericanFederalism,1776to1997:SignificantEvents.AnalystinAmericanNationalGovernment-Govern-mentDivision[J].[8][].[M].:,1988.[9].[M].:,1998.[10]I[Z].:,1990.[11].[A].[C].:,1986.[12]19831984[Z].:,1985.[13]Gordon,G.J.PublicAdministrationinAmerica[M].3rd.ed.NewYork:St.Martin'sPress,1986.[14].[J]..1998,(6).[15]Waston,R.A.PromiseandPerformanceofAmericanDemocracy[M].NewYork:JohnWileyandSons,1981.[16]Ladd,E.C.TheAmericanPolity:ThePeopleandTheirGovernment[M].Boston:HoughtonMifflinCompany,1988.[17]Hawkins,R.B.Jr.ed.AmericanFederalism:aNewPartnershipfortheRepublic[M].SanFrancisco:InstituteforCon-temporaryStudies,1982.[18][Z].:,1999.[19].[J].(SchoolofLawandPoliticalScience,NankaiUniversity,Tianjin300071,China)Abstract:Americanfederalsystemhasexperiencedthedualfederalism,thecooperativefederalismandthenewfederalism.Itistheprocessfromkeepingtherelativebalancedpowersbetweenthenationalgovernmentandthestategovernmentstothebalancedpowersbeingbro-ken,thentryingtorecoverthebalanceofthepowerrelations.SuchhistoricalevolutionreflectstheflexibilityofAmericanfederalpolitics.Nowthefederalgovernmentplaysanimportantroleinmakingpolicies.Thedevelopmentofsocietyasksforremainingpowersofthefederalgovern-mentinmanagingnationalaffairs.Butthepoliticaltraditionandrealityaskformaintainingsomeindependentpowersbythestateandthelocalgovernments.Thefederalgovernmentandthestategovernmentsmustbeco-survivedandrespectthelegalpowerswitheachother.KeyWords:federalsystem;dualfederalism;cooperativefederalism;newfederalism;powerrelations18