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【名解】Immunity:referstoallmechanismsusedbythebodyasprotectionagainstenvironmentalsubstancesthatareforeigntothebody.(torecognizeandeliminateforeignsubstances)【名解】Lymphocytehoming:themigrationoflymphocytesfromcentralimmuneorgantoperipheralimmuneorgan【名解】Lymphocyterecirulation：lymphocytecirulationbetweenbloodlymphothertissues【名解】Antigen:thesubstancesthatarerecognizedbyTCR/BCRorantibodyandinduceaspecificimmuneresponse【名解】Hapten（半抗原）：havethepropertyofimmunoreactivitybutnotimmunogenicity.【名解】epitope(antigenicdeterminant)：theportionoftheantigenthatbindsspecificallywiththebindingsiteofanantibodyorareceptoronalymphocyte.【名解】idiotypicAg：Thecombinedantigenicdeterminants(idiotopes)foundonantibodiesofanindividualthataredirectedataparticularantigen;suchantigenicdeterminantsarefoundonlyinthevariableregion.【名解】superantigen：antigens，onlyneedverylowconcentration,canpolyclonallyactivatesomesubtypesoftheTcells(upto20%).【名解】Adjuvants:Asubstancethatwhenmixedwithanimmunogen,enhancestheimmuneresponseagainsttheimmunogen.【名解】Antigen:GlobulinproducedbyplasmacellsinresponsetoantigenandbindsspecificallytoparticularAg.【名解】Immunoglobulins(Ig)：TheIgsareglobulinwhichfunctionasAbsorsimilartoAbsinchemicalstructure.【名解】idiotype,id:VariationintheVdomain,particularlyinCDR,producesidiotype.【名解】Majorhistocompatibilitycomplex,MHCAclusterofgenesonchromosome6inhumans,encodingmajorhistocompatibilityantigenwhichleadtorapidgraftrejection.【名解】Cytokine(CK)：Cytokinesaresmallsolubleproteinsthatmediateimmuneandinflammatoryreactionsandareresponsibleforcommunicationsbetweenleukocytesandothercells【名解】Leukocytedifferentiationantigen(LDA):Thecellsurfacemarkerswhichexpressordisappearonthedifferentleukocytesinthedifferentstageofdifferentiationandactivation.【名解】CD(clusterofdifferentiation):Cellsurfacemoleculesofleucocytesthataredistinguishablewithmonoclonalantibodiesasanimmunologicmarker.【名解】CAM:Agroupofproteinsinvolvedinadhesionofcelltocellorcelltoextra-cellularmatrix(ECM),suchasICAM-1,ICAM-2,ICAM-3,VCAM-1andPECAMetc.【名解】Integrin:Mediateadhesionofcellandextracellularmatrix，Elementarystructure:heterodimerofa,bchain【名解】ADCC：NKcellFcRrecgonizeantibodyFcregionbindingwithtargetcell,anddirectlykillthetargetcell.【名解】opsonization:antibodysuchasIgGFcregionbindingwithneutrpiliccellormacrophageIgGFcRtoincreasephagocytosis.【名解】APC:Avarietyofcellsspecializedincapturing、processingandpresenttheantigentotheTlymphocytes,causingeithertoleranceorimmunity.【名解】crosspresention:APCcancapturing\processingexogenousantigenandpresentingtoCD8TcellbyMHC1pathway.【名解】Positiveselection:DPcellsthatbind,withmoderateaffinity,toMHC-Agonthymicstromacellssurvive----MHCrestrictionMHCI----CD8+TcellsMHCII----CD4+TcellsNegativeselection:CellsthatbindtoMHC-Agonthymicstromacells(orauto-reactiveTcells,ART)withhighaffinitywillundergoapoptosis----Formationofcentralimmunetolerance【名解】ALLELICEXCLUSION：Expressionofageneononechromosomepreventsexpressionofthealleleonthesecondchromosome，EnsuresonlyonespecifictyofAbexpressedpercell.WHY:Allelicexclusionpreventsunwantedresponses;Allelicexclusionisneededforefficientclonalselection;Allelicexclusionisneededtopreventholesintherepertoire【名解】Affinitymaturation：AffinitymaturationistheprocessbywhichtheaffinityofAbsproducedinresponsetoaproteinAgincreaseswithprolongedandrepeatedexposuretothatAg.【名解】Treg:Down-regulationofimmuneresponsebyinhibitingtheactivationandproliferationofCD4+orCD8+Tcells.【名解】FoxP3+:isthetranscriptionfactorthatprogramthedevelopmentofTregs（IPEX综合症）【名解】Immunetolerance:istheprocessbywhichtheImmunesystemdoesnotattackanantigen.Isanactiveprocesswhichisdifferentfromimmunodeficiencyorimmunosuppression.【名解】AICD:Activation-inducedCellDeath,recognitionanddeletionofTlymphocytesthathavebeeninducedtoproliferatebyreceptor-mediatedactivation,preventingtheirovergrowth.【名解】AIRE(autoimmuneregulator):transcriptionfactorthatenablesectopicexpressioninthethymusofgenesusuallyconsideredtissue-specific.【名解】Immuno-labelingtechniques：SpecificAbs(orAgs)labelledwithfluorescein,enzymesorradioisotopesareusedasprobesforthedetectionofAgs(orAbs).【名解】ELASA【简答】FunctionsofVregions：RecognitionandbindingtoantigenbyHVR(CDR)-neutralizationoftoxins(e.g.diphtheria,tetanus);-immobilizationofmicroorganisms;-neutralizationofviralactivityFunctionofCregions(Fcportion)1.Activationofcomplement:IgM,IgGAb(IgM、IgG)+Ag---C1q----补体经典途径IgG4、IgA和IgE的凝聚物----补体旁路途径2.BindingtoFcreceptorofcellsOpsonization:enhancementofAguptakebymacrophages(M?)Antibody-dependentcell-mediatedcytotoxicity(ADCC):NKcells.ParticipationintypeIhypersensitivity:IgE3.Passagethroughtheplacenta(IgG,CH2)andmucosa(sIgA)【简答】Biologicfunctionofcomplementsystem1.complementmediatesanti-infectionimmunity(1)Lysisofcellormicroorganisms(2)opsonizationC3b,C4b,iC3bcell:phagocyteenhancephagocytosis(3)inflammationsymptoms:redness,swelling,heatandpaininflammationmediators:C5a,C3a,C4a(anaphylatoxins)C5a(chemotaxis)2.ComplementmaintainshomeostasisclearanceofIC:C3beliminationofapoptosiscellsC1q,C3b,iC3b3.Complementmediatesadaptiveimmunity4.Complementinteractswithothe