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英国职业养老金监管体制的发展历程郑秉文孙守纪:英国职业养老金监管体制的发展过程可以概括为一个核心两次转变三个阶段一个核心是指信托制度;两次转变,一是养老金监管从协议退出计划的配套工作转变为独立工作,二是养老金监管从被动反应模式转变为积极主动模式这两次转变恰好构成了英国职业养老金监管体制的三个发展阶段在梳理历史的基础上,本文详细分析了英国养老金监管体制每个阶段的主要特征面临的关键问题以及解决办法最后,本文指出英国职业养老金监管的实践经验对中国极具借鉴意义:英国职业养老金监管体制发展历程信托制度,1590,,(),:19581995,19952004,2004,:19952004[](ChrisLewin),,200506,Benefits&CompensationInternational,May2003Vo.l32Iss.9,,,,,,,1991,,,,1995,(OccupationalPen-sionsRegulatoryAuthority,Opra),,,,,,,19952004,:(ThePensionRegulator,TPR),,,,,,:1995,2004122欧洲研究2008年第2期(Contracted-Out)1961(GraduatedPension),,,1973(StateEarnings-RelatedPensionScheme,SERPS),,,,10,,1991,85,1995,,,,:,,,,,,19581995,,,,,;,,,,,,;,,,,1958,1961(GraduatedPension),,,,(TheOfficeoftheRegistrarofNon-123英国职业养老金监管体制的发展历程PSI3.1-Introduction:TheOccupationalPensionsBoard(OPB)-BriefHistoryAndDutiesOfTheOc-cupationalPensionsBoard,availableat)1975,,(StateEarnings-RelatedPensionScheme,SERPS),,,(TheOccupationalPensionsBoard,OPB)197395,,,:(OPB)1973,,,,,1995,(PSO)1970,1971,,;2080,,,,(PSR)1990,,,;,(ThePensionsOmbudsman)2004,20053,19914,(),124欧洲研究2008年第2期Opra:Annualreportandaccounts20032004,p.21.,,,1991,1992,,,:,;,;;1995200419952004,,;19939,:,:,;,,,,,,;,,1994,1995:;:,5%,;125英国职业养老金监管体制的发展历程,(MinimumFundingRequiremen,tMFR);,;DB(MFR);,,1995,19964,,,,6114(1),,:,,,,,,;,;,;,:,,,1995,1997,,?2002,,,,,,126欧洲研究2008年第2期19978,Opra:Annualreportandaccounts1997-1998,p6.,,,,,,(),,,,(),(an-nualreturn),,,,,,,,3000,4,56000,,,,,(NAPF),,(73%)(1%),(3%)(93%),,,127英国职业养老金监管体制的发展历程Opra:Annualreportandaccounts19971998,p.30.Ibid.,p.22.,,:,5(),:,,,,DB,DC,,,,,,,,,,,::,,,,,20027(AlanPickering),11Opra:128欧洲研究2008年第2期TheComptrollerandAuditorGeneralHC1262Session2001-2002:,Opra:Tacklingtheriskstothepensionschememembers,2002,p.32.AlistairByrne,DebbieHarrison,BillRhodesandDavidBlake,PyrrhicVictory?TheUnintendedCon-sequenceofthePensionsAct2004,IssueofEconomicAffairs,June2006,p.2.,Opra,2004,(ThePensionRegulator,TPR)2004;,2004,200546,,,,,(DeterminationPanel),,10,6,415,13,,:,,,,7,,,,1,1997139,2006325,1.34,129英国职业养老金监管体制的发展历程,,:,1997110.1,20055,,,1()():OpraandThePensionRegulator:Annualreportandaccounts1996-2005,:1,2004,:(Pen-sionProtectFund,PPF),2004,:,,;,,,();,,,130欧洲研究2008年第2期2004,DB,,;,;,(),;,,2,,2004,,,:,,,,,,(e-learningframework),,,,,,:(Schemereturn)(Schemefunding)(Notifiablee-vents),,1995,,2004,,,3,,,;,,,,,,,,,,131英国职业养老金监管体制的发展历程,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,4,,,::,;,;,;,,5,DCDC,DB2,2012,DBDC1:1,DC,DC132欧洲研究2008年第2期,DC,(FSA)2DBDC(:):DataGADSurvey/DWPShiftsinthePensionsLandscapePredictionsaddedbasedonrateofchangefrom2000to20046,,,,,,,,20054,,(work-basedpensionschemes),,,,(),133英国职业养老金监管体制的发展历程,,():,,,,,,,,,,,2004,:,,,,,,():,,1995,1995,,70,80,90,2002(StateSecondPension,S2P),,,,:134欧洲研究2008年第2期;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,():,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(:郑秉文,中国社科院拉丁美洲研究所研究员;孙守纪,中国社科院研究生院博士研究生;:田德文)135英国职业养老金监管体制的发展历程mentonSocialPolicyannexedtotheProtocolonSocialPolicyoftheMaastrichtTreaty,becomeoneoftheco-legislatorsofEuropeansocialpolicy.EspeciallysincetheEU-Governance-Turnintheearly1990s,theSocialDialogueasanewmodeofEUgovernancehasbeenhighlyappraised.Thisarticle,fromthed-imensionsofinputandoutputlegitmiacyrespectively,makesanormativeanalysisofthedemocraticlegitmiationoftheSocialDialogueanditsproblem-solvinga-bility.Afteridentifyingdeficitsinbothdmiensionstheauthormakessomesug-gestionsforitsredesignandmodification.121TheDevelopmentofOccupationalPensionRegulatorySystemintheUKZHENGBingwenSUNShoujiThedevelopmentofoccupationalpensionregulatorysystemintheUKhasthreetraits.Firstly,thetrustlawconstitutesthecoreframeworkofthissystem.Sec-ondly,thissystemhasexperiencedtwogreatchanges,whichfirstturnsfromoneofcomplementarynaturetoanindependentsystemandthenfromapassiveintoanactivemode.lThirdly,thedevelopmentofthissystemisdividedintothreesta-ges,withthetwotransformationsasthedividinglines.Basedonhistorystudies,thisarticleanalyzesitscharacteristics,problemsandsolutionsateachstage.Atlast,thispaperpointsoutthereferencesthatChinacoulddrawfromthepracticesofBritishoccupationalpensionregulatorysystem.BOOKREVIEW136TheVitalityofLiberalIntergovernmentalism:AReviewonAndrewMoravcsiksTheChoiceforEuropeZHAOChenSincetheEuropeanUnionisthemostcomplexpolitythathumanagencyhaseverdevised,somepenetratingtheoreticaltoolsareneededtoanalyzeit.ProfessorAndrewMoravcsikisanmiportantscholarinthefieldofEuropeanintegrationtheo-riessincethe1990s,whosetheory,namedLiberalIntergovernmentalism(LI),isintensivelyelaboratedinhisrepresentativework,TheChoiceforEurope:SocialPurposeandStatePowerfromMessinatoMaastricht,amasterpieceonthehistoryofEuropeanintegration.AfterintroducingLIsbasicideas,itstheoreticalframe-work,whatitinheritsfromprevioustheoriesanditsbreakthroughs,thispaperf-inallyraisessomeoftheauthorspersonalopinionsontherelationshipbetweenthetheoreticalandempiricalstudiesofEuropeanintegration.