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第一课词汇：•Concept概念,conception概念,conceive构想、理解•Isotope同位素,isomer同质异能素•element,atom,nucleus,nucleon–element,elements,–molecule,molecules,molecular–atom,atoms,atomic,–nucleus['nju:kliəs，'nu:kliəs]原子核,nuclei,nuclear,–nucleon['nju:kliɔn]核子,nucleons,nucleonic核子的–particle,particles,•fissile易裂变的,fissionable可以发生裂变的•fertile可裂变的，fertilematerials增殖材料•fission,fusion,decay•inner,innermost/outer,outermost•chainreaction•fragment碎片Expression：•times–AistentimesB.•variesinverselyas•Eequalsmtimescsquared.E=mc2•then-thpowerofa:an•resultin/resultfrom•isaccompaniedby/correspondto•ThediscoveryoffissionwasmadeinGermanyin1938byHahn......•Becomposedof由…组成•Bindingenergy结合能•Discreteexcitedstates不连续的激发态•Electromagneticradiation电磁辐射•Ev：electron-volt•Conservationofmass/energy质量/能量守恒练习：•电子带负电，质子带正电。•Electronisnegativelycharged，protonispositivelycharged。•在任何质量变化的反应中，质量的减少与能量的释放相伴，而质量的增加与能量的吸收相随。•Inanyreactioninwhichmasschanges，adecreaseofmassisaccompaniedbythereleaseofenergy，andanincreaseofmasscorrespondstotheabsorptionofenergy。•电荷间的静电斥力与它们之间距离的平方成反比。•Theforceofelectrostaticrepulsionbetweenlikechargesvariesinverselyasthesquareoftheirseparation。•通常，原子核存在于能量为基态的平衡态或者说稳定的条件下。•Normallyatomicnucleiexistinanequilibriumorstableconditionknownastheirgroundstateofenergy。•原子的质量并不等于组成它的粒子质量之和。•Themassofatomisnotequaltothesumofthemassesofitsconstituentparticles。•E=mc2：Eisequaltomtimescsquared。•1u=1.6604×10-27kgOneuequals1.6604times10tominus27kg。第二课词汇：•Qualitative定性的,quantitative定量的•matterexposedtobetaparticles暴露在β粒子中的物质•inadditionto......除了•incompetitionwith与什么竞争•presentnoshieldingproblem不产生防护问题•crosssection截面•specialtheoryofrelativity狭义相对论•potentialscattering势散射•principle原则、主义,principal首要的、主要的•compoundnucleusformation复合核的产生(deformation变形)•ionization电离•irradiate辐照•spectrumofenergies能谱•transition转换transmit传输，传导练习：•有一种辐射叫做韧致辐射。•Thereisakindofradiationcalledbremsstrahlung。•除了X射线辐射以外，有一种辐射叫做韧致辐射。•InadditiontotheX-rays，thereisanotherradiationcalledbremsstrahlung。•除了由电子变换轨道引起的X射线辐射以外，还有一种类似的辐射叫做韧致辐射。•InadditiontotheX-raysduetothetransitionsintheelectronicorbits，asimilarradiationcalledbremsstrahlungproduced。•γ光子与物质的相互作用•Gammarayinteractionswithmatter。•光电效应，康普顿散射，电子对效应。•PhotoelectricEffect，Photon-electronScattering(ComptonEffect)，Electron-PositronPairproduction•γ光子与物质的相互作用包括光电效应，康普顿散射和电子对效应。•TheinteractionsbetweenGammarayandmatterincludePhotoelectricEffect、ComptonEffectandpairproduction。•与结合能相比，•Incomparisonwiththeenergyofbindingofthestructure•入射能量越高，其作用效果就越明显。•Thehigheristheenergyofprojectile，thegreateristheeffect。•与结合能相比，入射能量越高，其作用效果就越明显。•Thehighertheprojectileenergyincomparisonwiththeenergyofbindingofthestructure，thegreateristheeffect。•Gamma辐射有着比beta粒子要强得多的穿透力从而存在着严重的防护问题。•Gammaradiationhasamuchgreaterpenetrationpowerinmatterthanbetaparticles，andconsequently(因此)presentsaseriousshieldingproblem。第三课词汇：•toillustrate为了说明•counterpart配对物•restenergy/inherentenergy静止能量•specialrelativity狭义相对论•linearmomentum/angularmomentum线动量/角动量•magnitude大小、数量、量级/direction方向、趋势•recoil反作用、弹回•assketchedinFig.3.3如图3.3所示•diminishinstrengthwithdistance强度随着距离减小•isproportionalto成比例的varyinverselyas与…成反比•elasticscattering弹性散射/inelasticscattering非弹性散射•incontrastwith......和…形成对比•penetrate穿透•kineticenergy动能•moderator慢化剂•anarrayof一排、一群、一批•accountfor考虑练习：•和带电粒子相比，中子作为电中性的粒子，不需要很高的能量就能穿透原子核。•incontrastwithchargedparticles,neutronsasneutralparticlesneednothavehighenergytopenetratethenucleus.•严格地讲，我们必须考虑所有的狭义相对论效应，包括粒子速度引起的质量增加。•Strictlyspeaking,weshouldaccountforalleffectsofspecialrelativity,includingmassincreasewithparticlespeed.•让我们通过一些计算来说明这些观点。•Letusillustratetheseideasbysomecalculations.•当中子减速到和慢化剂原子的热振动相当的能量区域时，它们会在碰撞中失去或者获得能量。•Asneutronsslowintoenergyregionthatiscomparabletothethermalagitationofthemoderatoratoms,theymayeitherloseorgainenergyoncollision.第四课词汇：•Melt熔化,freeze冻结,volatilize挥发,boil沸腾,sublimate升华,solidify凝固•inoneformoranother各种形式的•inexcessof超过•disperse分散，传播•impurity不纯，杂质•aluminium铝•magnesium镁•zirconium锆•beryllium铍•stainlesssteel不锈钢•uranium铀；uraniumdioxide二氧化铀；•plutonium钚•helium氦•compensate补偿•adequate充分的•thermodynamic热力学的•eliminatefrom排除•buildup累积练习：•它既可以以纯铀，也可以储如UO2和UC的化合物形式在反应堆中使用。•ItcanbeusedinreactoreitheraspureuraniumorasacompoundsuchasUO2orUC.•对一个热反应堆的慢化剂的要求，也就是低质量数、非常小的中子俘获截面和大的散射截面，将选择限制于很少的材料之间。•Therequirementsofthemoderatorforathermalreactor,namelylowmassnumber,verylowneutroncapturecross-sectionandhighscatteringcross-section,limitthechoicetoonlyafewmaterials.•将水在动力反应堆中用作慢化剂的主要问题与其不适宜的热力学性质有关。•Themainproblemassociatedwiththeuseofwaterasmoderatorinapowerreactorconcernsitsratherunfavorablethermodynamiccharacteristics.•重水大部分物理性质和热力学性质与水相似。•Heavywaterissimilartowaterinitsmostofphysicalandthermodynamicproperties.•一些气体冷却剂由于这样或那样的原因可被排除在考虑范围之外。•Somegaseouscoolantscanbeeliminatedfromconsiderationforonereasonoranother.•氦是惰性的，有良好的热力学性质，不存在放射性危险，所以它可被认为是理想的气体反应堆冷却剂.•Heliumisinert,hasgoodthermodynamicpropertiesanddoesnotposearadioactivehazard,soitmightberegardedastheidealgaseousreactorcoolant.•燃料包壳材料需要非常低中子俘获截面、良好的热导率和高温下良好的强度以经受热应力，燃料解体和包壳内部裂变产物气体压力的累积。•Thefuelcladdingmaterialsrequireav