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2011届英语阅读理解专练主旨大意题A.设题方式①.考查文章的中心思想Themainidea/keypointofthispassageisthat_____.Thepassageismainlyabout__.Fromthepassagewecanlearn/concludethat_________.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?②.考查文章标题的选择Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassageis_________.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitle?Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis_________.③.考查作者的写作态度和意图Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinthispassage?Thewriter’spurposeinwritingthisstoryis____.Inthepassagetheauthorwantstotell___.Thewriter’sattitudetoward...is___.B.干扰项特点①.以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。②.断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。③.主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。④.张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。⑤.无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。C.解题指导1.分清主次，抓住主干，找出主题句。主题句是归纳表达文章中心思想的句子,它的出现有四种情况:1）主题句在开头｡主题句出现在段落或文章的开头部分,起着开宗明义､点明主题的作用,它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容主旨｡而支撑句则使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题，常伴有forexample\i.e.\thatis\first\second\finally\once\anothertime\foronething等词。2）主题句在结尾｡用归纳法写的文章,其结构是表述细节的句子放在前面,概述性的句子放在后面,并以此而结尾,所以结尾的句子起着总结归纳､画龙点睛的作用，多伴有so\therefore\thus\inshort\asaresult\thatiswhy等词。3）考生可以快速浏览每段首尾两句来确定每段的主题句，从而确定文章的主题句。【考例分析1】Everydayweexperienceoneofthewondersoftheworldarounduswithoutevenrealizingit.Itisnottheamazingcomplexityoftelevision.Northeimpressivetechnologyoftransport.Theuniversalwonderweshareandexperienceisourabilitytomakenoiseswithourmouths,andsotransmitideasandthoughtstoeachother‘sminds.Thisabilitycomessonaturallythatwetendtoforgetwhatamiracle（奇迹）itis.75.Thispassageismainlyabout_________.（2010·江西卷·E-节选自文章第一段）A.thedevelopmentofbodylanguageB.thespecialrolehumansplayinnatureC.thepowertoconveyinformationtoothersD.thedifferencebetweenhumansandanimalsinlanguageuse【考例分析2】MyfewminuteswithMr.Galbreathchangedmylife.NowItrytotreateveryonewithrespect,nomatterwhoIthinktheyare,andnomatteranotherhumanbeingwithkindnessandsincerity.59.Whatisthemessagemainlyexpressedinthestory?（2010年重庆卷A篇-节选自文章最后一段）A.Weshouldlearntobegenerous.B.Itishonorabletohelpthoseinneed.C.Peopleinhighpositionsarenotlikewhatweexpect.D.Weshouldavoidjudgingpeoplebytheirappearances.【考例分析3】Weoftendon’trememberthingsaswellwhenwe’retryingtomanageseveraldetailsatthesametime.Withoutmentalfocus,wemaynotpayenoughattentiontonewinformationcomingin,soitnevermakesitintoourmemorystores.Thatisoneofthemainreasonsweforgetpeople’snames---evensometimesrightaftertheyhaveintroducedthemselves.Multitaskingcanalsoaffectourrelationships.Ifsomeonecheckstheire-mailwhileonthephonewithafriend,theymaycomeoffasabsent-mindedordisinterested.Itcanalsocausethatpersontomissoroverlookkeyinformationbeingpassedontothem.52.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?（2010年浙江卷C篇-节选自文章最后一段）A.Multitaskinghasbecomeawayoflife.B.Multitaskingoftenleadstoefficiencydecline.C.Multitaskingexercisesneedtobeimproved.D.Multitaskingenablespeopletorememberthingsbetter.4）值得注意的是:有些文章和段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主题｡这就要求考生在阅读过程中,根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意｡2.理清层次关系,，选出最佳标题标题是文章中心思想的精练表达,多为一个名词词组，短小明了,函盖性强｡做这类题目时,要在阅读全文的基础上,把握好层次关系。注意选项的归纳范围要恰如其分,干扰项往往是局部信息，是某一小节或文章里的某一句。所以我们在解题时要反复推敲，把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项过滤掉。【考例分析4】Whenyou’relyingonthewhitesandsoftheMexicanRiviera,thestresses(压力)oftheworldseemamillionmilesaway.Hey,stop!Thisisnovacation-youhavetofinishsomething!49.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?（2010年全国卷IIB篇-节选自文章第一段）A．AdventuresinTravelWritingB．WorkingasaFoodCriticC．TravelGuidesontheMarketD．VacationingforaLiving【考例分析5】ToomuchTV-watchingcanharmchildren’sabilitytolearnandevenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestinthelatestefforttoexaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren.67.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?（2010年辽宁卷C篇-节选自文章第一段）A.ComputersorTelevisionB.EffectsofTelevisiononChildrenC.StudiesonTVandCollegeEducationD.TelevisionandChildren'sLearningHabits【考例分析6】Toerrishuman.Toblametheotherguyisevenmorehuman.Commonsenseisnotallthatcommon.Whytellthetruthwhenyoucancomeupwithagoodexcuse?Thesethreepopularmisquotes(戏谑的引语)aremeanttobejokes,andyettheytellusalotabouthumannature.Toerr,ortomakemistakes,isindeedapartofbeinghuman,butitseemsthatmostpeopledon’twanttoaccepttheresponsibilityfortheproblem.Perhapsitisthenaturalthingtodo.Theoriginalquoteabouthumannaturewentlikethis:”Toerrishuman,toforgive,divine(神圣的).”Thissayingmirrorsanideal:peopleshouldbeforgivingofothers’mistakes.Instead,wetendtodotheopposite–findsomeoneelsetopasstheblameonto.However,takingresponsibilityforsomethingthatwentwrongisamakingofgreatmaturity.55.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforhispassage?（2010年天津卷D篇-节选自文章第一部分）A.AMirrorofHumanNatureB.ToBlameortoForgiveC.AMarkofMaturityD.TruthorExcuse3.抓住关键词，判断作者意图作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来｡常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词（approving,positive,optimistic,等），贬义类词(critical,pessimistic,doubtful,questioning)和中性类词(indifferent,serious,objective,concerned,neutral)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞,尤其注意那些表达感情色彩的形容词如improving,encouraging,disappointing,fail,ignore等，以及作者对人物语言､行为和思想的描写,从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度｡【考例分析7】Theworldofmake-believeisnotnecessarilybad.Butwhentheworldoffantasybecomesthe