句子成分MembersofaSentence*句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________和_________________________主语(subject)、谓语(动词)(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)宾语补足语(complement)。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一:S+Vi(主+不及物)二:S+V系+P(主+系+表)三:S+Vt+O(主+及物+宾)四:S+Vt+IO+DO(主+及物+间宾+直宾)五:S+Vt+OC(主+及物+宾+宾补)基本句型一:S+Vi(主+不及物)主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:1.Wecome.2.Itisrainingoutside.3.Theyworkhard.S+Vi(不及物动词)1.Thesun│rose.2.Who│cares?3.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.4.They│talkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepen│writessmoothly此句型的句子有一个共同特点.即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二:S+V系+P(主+系+表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词主要是起到连系主语和表语的作用。可分四类:1.表“是”如:be(am,is,are,was,were)2.表“感觉”如:look,feel,sound,smell,seem3.表“变”如:get,turn,become,grow,go,come4.表“保持”如:keep,stayS│V(系动词)│P(表语)1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinner│smells│good.3.He│fell│inlove.4.Everything│looks│different.5.Hisface│turned│red.6.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.7.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.*Therebe结构:Therebe表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。此结构后跟名词,表示‘(存在)有某事物’试比较:Thereisaboythere.(那儿有一个男孩。)前一个there无实义,后一个there为副词‘那里’。基本句型三:S+Vt+O(主+及物+宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。S│V(及物动词)│O(宾语)1.Who│knows│theanswer?2.He│admits│thathewasmistaken3.He│enjoys│reading.4.He│said│Goodmorning.5.She│lookedafter│theoldman.6.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.基本句型四:S+Vt+IO+DO(主+及物+间宾+直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。eg:give/pass/bring/show。--Givemeacupofteaplease.--PassourEnglishteacherthebook.--Bringittome,please.--ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.S│V(及物)│IO(指人)│DO(指物)1.She│ordered│herself│anewdress.2.He│brought│you│adictionary.3.I│showed│him│mypictures.4.I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.5.He│showed│me│howtorunthemachine.基本句型五:S+Vt+O+OC(主+及物+宾+宾补)此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。宾补一般由名词,形容词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词,过去分词充当。Thewarmadehimasoldier.(名词)Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.(形容词)Ioftenfindhimatwork.(介词短语)Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows.(不定式)Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.(现在分词)Ourteacherfoundthewindowsclosed.(过去分词)S│V(及物)│O(宾语)│OC(宾补)1.We│called│theboy│Jim.2.They│painted│thedoor│green.3.They│found│thedoor│closed.4.He│asked│me│tocomebacksoon.5.I│saw│them│gettingonthebus.a,S+Vib,S+Vt+Pc,S+V系+Od,S+Vt+IO+DOe,S+Vt+O+OC1.Pleastellusastory._______2.Shesmiled.______3.Ihavealotworktodo._____4.Hisjobistotrainswimmers._____5.Henoticedamanentertheroom._____6.Pleaselookatthepicture._____daebec但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(adj./adv./n./数词)短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。我们称之为:定语、状语Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.一、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,译为‘‘……的’’定语通常位于被修饰的成分前,叫前置定语。复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后;不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后,叫后置定语。副词用作定语修饰名词时,须放在名词之后。Twoboysneedtwopens.(数词)HisnameisTom.(代词)TheboyinblueisTom.(介短)Theboythereneedsapen.(副词)Theboyneedsaballpen.(名词)Thereisnothingtodotoday.(不定式)ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.(过去分词短语)TheboyyouwillknowisTom.(从句)二、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等--Theboyneedsapennow.--Theboyneedsapenverymuch.可用作状语的有:副词,不定式,介词短语,分词,从句等。Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen.在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)介词短语作状语:Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.不定式作状语:Hesitsthere,askingforapen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly.(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语)分词(短语)作状语:一)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.(二)挑出下列句中的表语--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.(三)挑出下列句中的定语1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.(五)挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.状语从句:时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句--Wechattedaswewalkedalong.--Evenifshelaughsathim,headoresher.三、同位语:同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分用来说明