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LESSON1InternationalBusinessTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEARTICLE:了解国际商务与内商务的区别，熟悉贸易、投资及其他际商务活动的含义、特点、运作方式等。ⅠMajordifferencebetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness．A.differencesinlegalsystemB.differencesincurrenciesC.differencesinculturalbackgroundD.differencesinnaturalandeconomicconditionsⅡMajortypesofinternationalbusiness.A.tradea.commoditytradeb.servicetradeB.investmenta.foreigndirectinvestmentb.portfolioinvestmentC.othertypesa.licensingandfranchisingb.managementcontractandcontractmanufacturingc.turnkeyprojectandBOTTEXT:Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport,suchasbusinessbetweenHongKongandTaiwan.Internationalbusinessinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticbusiness.Thefollowingsaresomemajordifferencesbetweenthetwo:1．Thecountriesinvolvedoftenhavedifferentlegalsystems,andoneormorepartieswillhavetoadjustthemselvestooperateincompliancewiththeforeignlaw.2．Differentcountiesusuallyusedifferentcurrenciesandthepartiesconcernedwillhavetodecidewhichcurrencytouseanddoeverythingnecessaryasregardsconversionetc.Uncertaintiesandevenrisksareofteninvolvedintheuseofaforeigncurrency.3．Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.Oftenconstitutechallengesandeventrapsforpeopleengagedininternationalbusiness.4．Countriesvaryinnaturalandeconomicconditionsandmayhavedifferentpoliciestowardsforeigntradeandinvestment,makinginternationalbusinessmorecomplexthandomesticbusiness.Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalisation,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.Thisformoftradeisalsoreferredtoasvisibletrade.Lateradifferentkindoftradeintheformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.graduallybecamemoreandmoreimportant.Thistypeoftradeiscalledinvisibletrade(无形贸易).Today,thecontributionofserviceindustriesofthedevelopedcountriesconstitutesover60％oftheirgrossdomesticproductsandaccountforanincreasingproportionofworldtrade.Anotherimportantformofinternationalbusinessissupplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoanother,knownasinternationalinvestment.Suchinvestmentscanbeclassifiedintotwocategories.Thefirstkindofinvestments,foreigndirectinvestmentsorFDIforshortismadeforreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedininahostcountry.Thehostcountryisaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates,whilethecountrywheretheheadquartersoftheinvestorislocatediscalledthehomecountry.Thesecondkindofinvestment,portfolioinvestment(证券投资)referstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Suchfinancialassetsmaybestocks,bondsorcertificatesofdeposit.Stocksarealsocalledcapitalstocksorbonds.Bondsarepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemoneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.Thematurityperiodofabondisatleastoneyear,oftenlonger,forexamplefive,oreventenyears.Certificatesofdepositgenerallyinvolvelargeamounts,say25thousandUSdollars.Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualproperty(知识产权)toafirminanothercountry.Suchintellectualpropertymaybetrademarks(商标),brandnames(品牌),patents(专利),copyrights(版权)ortechnology.Firmschooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostartbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.Besides,theycanbenefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwithoutanyobligationsinownershipormanagement.Theuseoflicensingisparticularlyencouragedbyhighcustomsdutyandnon-tariffbarriersonthepartofthehostcountry.Howeveritisnotadvisabletouselicensingincountrieswithweakintellectualpropertyprotectionsincethelicensormayhavedifficultyinenforcinglicensingagreement.Franchisingcanberegardedasaspecialformoflicensing.Underfranchising,afirm,calledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,calledthefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logos,andoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.Thefranchisercandevelopinternationallyandgainaccesstousefulinformationaboutthelocalmarketwithlittleriskandcost,andthefranchiseecaneasilygetintoabusinesswithestablishedproductsorservices.Franchisingisfairlypopularespeciallyinhotelandrestaurantbusiness.Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagementcontract,contractmanufacturing,andturnkeyproject.Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.Sometimesbonusesbasedonprofitabilityorsalesgrowtharealsospecializedinmanagementcontracts.G