雾霾外文及翻译

原文TheresearchofhazegovernanceissuesMarkusHAbstractHazeisPM2.5particlesfloatingintheatmospheresuchasdust,aerosolparticles,incertainhumidity,temperatureandotherweatherconditionshaverelativelystablestateoftheweatherphenomenon.Fogdisaster,istheresultofairpollutionforalongtime.Howtocontrolairpollutionisoneoftheurgentproblemsfacingmankind.Hazeweathermainlyisthedevelopmentpattern,causedbytheunreasonableindustrialstructureandenergystructure,itsrootsinthefossilenergy,alsoisacoalburning,oneisthefuel,anotherwayismoreextensive,alargeamountofpollutantdischarge,themainreasonsincludetheatmosphericairpressureislow.Thegrounddust,whichislowhumidityoftheair,thegroundandcarflowmakestirupdust.Automobileexhaustishazeisafactor,aswellasthefactoryproducesecondarypollution,etc.Thispapermainlystudiesthetypicalhazeliteratureisreviewed,mainlyanalyzesthecauseofthehazeandfoggovernancecountermeasuresandSuggestions.AndfromtheAngleoftheoreticalanalysis,drawlessonsfromtheintermediatemicroeconomictheory,givestheutilitymaximizationtomaximizethenetincomeandsociallevelsofsmogpollution.Finally,pointedoutthedirectionoffurtherresearch,therootcauseofthehazeinthefuturethemainempiricalresearchisprospected.Keywords:Haze;Literaturereview;Controlmeasures;Experience1IntroductionStudieshaveshownthatrecentstrongfogweatherisatmosphericstability,man-madepollutants,togetherwiththeabundantwatervaporanddust,isanaturalfactorsandhumanfactorscombinedactionofenvironmentalpollutionevent.Becauseofairflowandthelocationoftheadjacent,foginevitablepenetration,diffusion,etc.,nocountry,whichcitycanescapeinthefoghazecoveredlargearea.Allovertheworldhavetakenplaceindifferentlevelsofsmogevent,suchabeautifulenvironmentofthecountry,includingSingaporethereweredifferentdegreesofhazeweather,otherareMalaysia,Indiaandothercountries,hascausedextensiveconcernofthepeopleallovertheworld.Intoday'sincreasinglysocialandeconomicdevelopment,peoplepaymoreandmoreattentiontothesurroundingenvironment.Environmentnotonlyaffectsthefuturedevelopmentofthefoundation,alsoaffectspeople'shealth.Notassuredlaborhealth,humanresourcesrequiredforfurthereconomicdevelopmentbecomesmadrasreflected.Inmeteorology,duetoalargenumberoftinydropsofwaterfloatingintheair,makethehorizontalvisibilityislessthan1.0kmiscalledfog;Duetothesmalldrydustparticlesfloatingintheair,makethehorizontalvisibilitylessthan10.0kmcalledhaze,sometimescalledgrayhaze.Amixtureofbothiscalledsmog.Andourmainobjectofgovernanceishaze,fogandsomerelativelyminor.Inspiteofthefogdayalsoaffectthesafetyofpeopletravel,butcomparedwithhazecausedbyenvironmentalproblemswillsoonbemuchless.2LiteraturereviewThroughthestudyofresourceandenvironmentaleconomicsasweknow,commandtypegovernancemechanismisoftenlowefficiency.Justusecommandcontrolsuchhighlyregulativetools,notwellplaytheroleofreducingsmog.Thailand'scasestudyispointedoutthatthefailuremodeofonesizefitsallisnotconsideringtheregionalheterogeneity,complexityandburningashmotivationsbehind,sotheauthorsuggeststheexperiencesofthelocalcasestudyshouldbeextendedtoplanningandpolicyprocess,strengthentheautonomyoflocalgovernment,strengtheninter-regionalcooperation.Britishscholarsconductedmoredetailedresearch,analysisofthecompositionproblemofashhaze,thehazeformationmechanismhaveamoreclearunderstanding.Theythinktheashhazeweatherthantheashhazeweather,theparticleconcentrationincreases;theamountofwatersolubleinorganicionsintheparticulatematteralsoincreases.Tostudythewatersolublecomponentsofairparticulatescanunderstandthecrucialfactorfortheformationofurbanhaze.Intheprocessofcaseanalysisincities,theythinkthatplaysamainroleintheprocessofparticulatematteristheautomobileexhaustemissions.Throughthestudyofparticulatematter,11differentdiameterrangeisgreyhazeandtheashhazedays,therangeofparticlesinthewatersolubleinorganicanalysiswhichinorganiconmostaffectedbytheformationofhaze.Theyalsocorrectedthepreviousdefinitionofhaze,onlypayattentiontothevisibilityofthepast,donotemphasizethehumidity,thehumidityhaveimportantinfluenceontheformationandcontinuationofhaze.Grayhazeisvisibilitylessthan10kmandhumiditylessthan90%oftheweather.Theresultsoftheempiricalanalysis:grayhazedaysPM1.8/PM10isveryhigh,thevalueofthecorrelationismainlyduetothecoarseparticlesfromthesurfaceisfasterthanthenewlyformedfineparticlesdisperse,reinforcethestabilityoftheweather,andthinboundarylayerphenomenon.Particledistributionintheashhazedaysthanhigherashhazeday’speak,3.2-5.6micronsthickparticlepeakthan0.56-1.0mumfineparticulatematterishigher.DuetothesamplingtimeinApril,arelativelyhighwindspeedcanalsohelproaddustsuspended.Root,nitrate,ammoniumsulfateionsisinthehazeformation.Highhumidityhelpstoformdropletsofparticulatematter.Octoberisthemainsourceofparticulatematteraftercornharvestbiomassburning(highashcontentofinorganicioncontent).Potassiumascloudsfreezingnucleiforlowexothermicandvisibilityhassignificanteffect.Suspensionofroaddust,soildust,constructiondustismainlyisthesourceofcalciumandmagnesiumions.PM1.8andPM10intheroot,nitrateandammoniumsulfateintheashhazedaysmore,thereasonisthatre