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OpportunitycostOpportunitycostisthecostwepaywhenwegiveupsomethingtogetsomethingelse.Itreferstothemostdesirablethinggivenup,nottheaggregateofthethingswehavegivenup.Inmicroeconomictheory,theopportunitycostofachoiceisthevalueofthebestalternativeforgone,inasituationinwhichachoiceneedstobemadeamongseveralmutuallyexclusivealternativesofgivenlimitedresources.Whyisthereasonfortheappearanceofopportunitycost?Becausescarcity.Nomatteryoubelieveornot,weallfacetheproblemofscarcity.Almosteverythinginyourdailylifeisscarce.Youwouldbenefitfromalargerroomorapartment,soyouhaveascarcityofspace.Youhaveonlytwopairsofshoesandcoulduseathirdforhiking,youhaveascarcityofshoes.YouwouldlovetotakeatriptoChicago,butitisdifficultforyoutofindthetimeorthemoneytogo—tripstoChicagoarescarce.Becauseofscarcity,eachofusisforcedtomakechoices.Wemustallocateourscarcetimetodifferentactivitiesandwemustallocateourscarcespendingpoweramongdifferentgoodsandservices.Theopportunitycostofanychoiceiswhatwegiveupwhenwemakethatchoice.Accordingtothoseinformationofopportunitycost,weshouldknowthatalleconomicdecisionmadebyindividualsorsocietyarecostly,wehavetomeasureourchoicesandchoosethebestone.AcademicethicsInrecentyears,therehavebeenmorefabrication,falsificationandplagiarismincidentsontheInternet,whicharisesgreatattentiontoresearchethicsinthesociety.Ethicsaremoralbeliefsandrulesaboutrightandwrong.Anethicofaparticularkindisanideaormoralbeliefthatinfluencesthebehavior,attitudeandphilosophyofagroupofpeople.Academicethicsreferstothenormsandrulestobeobservedinconductingacademicresearch.Somepeoplethinkitisunnecessarytounderstandandadheretoacademicethics,whileothersholdthedifferentopinion.AsfarasIamconcerned,researchethicsplaysanveryessentialroleinourstudylife.Ontheonehand,ithasgreatsignificancetouniversitiesandcolleges.Asweallknow,actionsofmisconductoftenappearinuniversitiesandcolleges.StrengthentheScientificNormsofScienceandEthicsandManageAcademicMisconductsfromtheSourcewillbeusefultoformagoodatmosphereofadheringtoacademicintegrity,improvingacademicpersonalityandmaintainingacademicdignity.Ontheotherhand,italsobebeneficialtothewholeacademicpublicsystem.Thoseresearcherswhohaveactionsoffabrication,falsification,plagiarismorothermisconductviolatethebasicconventionsofacademic.Researchethicswillcreateaenvironmentoffairnessinthisarea.Itisobviousthatanumberofmeasuresshouldbedonetostrengthenresearchethics.Firstly,straightenoutthevarioussocialrelationsofthemainbodyofacademicbehaviorandestablishareasonableacademicsystem.Secondly,openmoreacademiccoursesthroughasinglecourseoraseriesofcoursesorseminarsthroughoutthegraduatecurriculumandmakethestudentstoexposuretoethicsinanumberofcontexts.GrantstrategyanddetailsStrategyisaboutdetailedplanning，abattleofwitsbetweentheleaderormanagerandwhateverforcesheorsheispittedagainst.Grantstrategyisthegeneralplanningwhichhelpsyoutoactinawaythatmovesyouclosertothefinalgoal,ratherthaninawaythatmerelysolvestheimmediateproblem.Somepeoplethinkthatgrantstrategyisthemostessentialelementtosuccess,whileothersholdthedifferentopinionthattheythinkdetailsaremoreimportant.AsfarasIamconcerned,grandstrategyhasthesamepositionasdetails.Onthehand,grantstrategycanprovideageneraldirectionwhenyoumakeaplan.Manybusinessleadershavetoldusthatgetthegrandstrategyrightandthensweattheexecution;getitwrongandyouraredoomed.Itisobviousthatwithoutbrilliantconceptionandfaultlessplanning,theminorstrategiesthatyouemployinpursuitoftheoverallgoalwillfail.Ontheotherhand,detailscanmakeagrantstrategyfromaidealtoareality.Strategyisimportant,butitisacompass,notaroadmap.Ittellsyouinwhichdirectionyouareheading,buttheimportantbitishowyougetthere.Allisall,grantstrategyisdirectionwhiledetailsareeffortstomakethegrantstrategycometrue,theyareequallyimportant.HospiceEveryonemustexperiencebirth,growthanddeath.Thoughdeathisaverysensitivetopic,nowadaysthepopularofhospicemakepeoplepaymoreattentiontohowtoenjoyagoodanddecentdeathratherthanextendtheirlifepainfullybyrelyingonthedrugs.Whenpeoplehearthewordhospice,theyusuallylinkittodeathanddying.Infact,hospiceisfocusedmoreaboutprovidingcare,comfortandsupporttopatientsduringtheirfinaldaysoflife.Somepeoplethinkthatterminalpatientsshouldacceptnormalmedicaltreatment,whileothersholdtheopinionthattheyshouldcallinthehospicecarefortheirfinallylife.AsfarasIamconcerned,hospiceisabetterchoiceforthosewhohasjustfewdayslefttolive.Ontheonehand,hospicecanprovideateamofdedicatedprofessionals---includingsocialworkers,healthaides,chaplains,andnurses---worktogethertoprovidenotonlyphysicalbutalsoemotionalandspiritualsupport.Ontheotherhand,hospicecareisveryconvenientforthepatient’sfamily.Hospicecarecantakeplaceathome,atahospicecenter,inahospitalorinaskillednursingfacility.Itallowspatientstospendtheirfinallifeathomeandstaywiththeirlovedfamilynumbers.Thecaregiverstrytocontrolpainandothersymptomssoapersoncanremainasalertandcomfortableaspossible.Thecarealsotrytheirbesttohelppeoplewhoaredyinghavepeace,comfort,anddignity.Studiesshowthatsomepatientswhogethospicecarelivelongerthanthosewhod