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1.Whatisculture?Onthesurface:customsandbehaviorMoredeeply:whatthebehaviorandcustomsmeantothepeoplewhoarefollowingthemInaword:CultureisallaboutmeaningsHall:Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere4.WhatisCommunication?•ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.•Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)•Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.(J.T.Wood)Elementsofcommunication•Context(location,time,light,temperature,seatingarrangements)•Participants(relationship,gender,culture)•Messages(meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding)•Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)•Noise(externalnoise,internalnoise,semanticnoise)•feedbackLinearModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIsthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication?ModeofCommunicationInteractiveModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedbackisessentialtogoodcommunicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channel5.Characteristicsofcommunication•1)Communicationisdynamic•2)Communicationisinteractive•3)Communicationisirreversible•4)Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext.6.InterculturalCommunication•Samovar&PorterInterculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.interculturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities.InterculturalCommunicationVsCross-culturalCommunication•Cross-culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations,affectivedispositions,relationshipmanagement,communicativestyles(psychologicalprocess)•Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture(practicalsignificance)Warm-up:Readthefollowingsayingsaloud,anddiscusswithyourpartner:whatdotheymeantoyou?•Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.----Confuciansaying•Oneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison.----Englishproverb•Godgavetoeverypeopleacup,cupofclay,andfromthiscuptheydranklife…Theyalldippedinthewater,buttheircupsweredifferent.----R.BenedictHigh-contextCulture:•Inhigh-contextmessages,meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliation).•Examplesofhigh-contextculturesincludeChinese,Japanese,MiddleEasterners,etc.Low-contextCulture:•Inlow-contextmessages,themajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.•Examplesoflow-contextculturesincludeEnglish,NorthAmerican,German,etc.Summary:languageandculture•Languageisareflectionofculture,andcultureisareflectionoflanguage.•Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesforusingthosesymbols,aswellasourperceptionsoftheuniverse(themeaningassociatedwiththesymbols).•Language,ontheotherhand,wouldseemtohaveamajorimpactonthewayanindividualperceivesandconceptualizestheworld.Whatisverbalcommunication•Verbal:connectedwithwordsandtheiruse•Verbalcommunication:communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguage•Easiertousewordstorepresentone’sexperienceswithinthesameculturebecausepeoplesharemanysimilarexperiences.•Moretroublesomeinverbalcommunicationacrossculturesbecausepeople’sexperiences,beliefs,values,customs,traditionsandthelikearedifferent.Howdifferentthinkingpatternsaffectourlife?•WesternmedicineVstraditionalChinesemedicine•Westerncooking•Differentviewsoncontracts-Westernersvalueobjectivity,specificityandprecisionandmakesenseoftheworldbyreasoningandanalyzing.-Chinesearemoresubjectiveandvalueintuitionalot,throughwhichtheygetaninsightintothingsaroundthem.4.CommunicationStylesandCultureComparethefollowingtwospokendiscourseanddecidewhichonemightbegivenbyaChineseandwhichbyanAmerican?A.BecausemostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowHongKongwillbelikeafter1997,andsinceIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.So,IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.Inductivepattern(topicdelayed)WhichisgivenbyaChinese?WhichbyanAmerican?B.IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.That’sbecauseIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.Inadditiontothat,mostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowHongKongwillbelikeafter1997.deductivepattern(topicfirst)DifferentCommunicationStyles•2）东方：归纳法（个别→一般）VS西方：演绎（一般→个别）induction(specific→general)deduction(general→specific)ChineseInductive?Americandeductive?•Intheeast,peoplesometimesadoptthedeductivepattern.(inacloserelationshiporrelativelyequalstatus)•Inthewest,peopledonotexcludetheuseofinductivepattern.(borrowmoney,oraskforabig,embarrassingfavor)•Inboththeeastandwest,thepersoninahigherstatustendstousethedeductivepatternwhiletheoneinalowerstatustendstousetheindu