英语国家概况BritishChapter5Education

Chapter5Education,MediaandHolidayTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandContents123EducationMediaHolidaysandFestivals1.pre-schooleducation(2-5yearsold)(UK)playschool/nurseryschool(China)kindergarten2.primaryeducation(5/6-11)(UK)juniorschool(China)primaryschool3.secondaryeducation(11-16/18)(UK)comprehensiveschool/grammarschool(China)juniorandseniormiddleschool4.further/highereducation(18+)college/universityDifferencesineducationsystemsKeyStagesandTestsEducationalSystemElementaryandSecondaryEducationTwoparallelschoolsystems:•Statesystem:11-yearcompulsoryeducation•Independentsystem—Publicschools“sixthform”(2years)HigherEducationFamousUniversitiesElementaryandSecondaryEducationTwoparallelschoolsystem:Nationalcurriculum:Statesystem—localauthoritymaintained94%•(Freetoallchildrenbetweentheagesof5—16)Independentsystem—Publicschools6%•(Parentspayfortheirchildren'seducation)CompulsoryinstateschoolOptionalinindependentschoolstatesystem—11-yearcompulsoryeducation5-11:primaryschools(co-educational/mixedschools)11-16:secondaryschools(90%arecomprehensiveschools)GCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)StateSystemElementaryandSecondaryEducationthemostfamous—Eton,HarrowandWinchester6percentofallBritishchildrenAprivilegefortherichBetterfundedBetterteachersBetterfacilitiesBetterchancetoenterfamousuniversitiesIndependentSystemElementaryandSecondaryEducationPublicSchool-EtonCollegeEtonwiththetutorPublicSchool--EtonCollegeEtonPupilsTheroyalfamilythinkstheschoolisjusttheplaceforWills.Inthisself-containedworld,titlesconfernoprivileges,andtheprinceisprobablynottheonlyboywithabodyguard.Foreignleaders’childrenandscionsofGreekshippingmagnatesbringthemalongtoo.WilliamisasneartonormalatEtonassomeoneinhispositionwonttobe.Manypeopletherearericherthanheis.Therearemanypeoplewhosefamilyrelationshipsareevenmorecomplexthanhis.PrinceWilliamEtonEtonPublicSchoolsHarrowSchoolEastHamGrammarSchoolforBoysElementaryandSecondaryEducation“sixthform”(2years)A-levels(GeneralCertificateofEducation—Advanced)—foruniversitiesadmittancesGNVQs(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications)—forvocationaltrainingStateSystemGCSE（GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation）GradeA+(4.0)A(4.0)A–(3.7)(excellent)B+(3.3)B(3.0)B–(2.7)(aboveaverage)C+(2.3)C(2.0)C–(1.7)(average)D+(1.3)D(1.0)D–(0.7)(poor)F(0)(failure)StudyPathwaysworkHND(2ys)University(3/4)UndergraduateB.A./B.S.GNVQSixthform(2ys)A-level16+VocationalAcademicUniversity(1/2)PostgraduateM.A./M.S.University(3/5)PostgraduateP.H.DHigherEducationRecruitmentbaseon:GradesofAS,A-levels,GNVQsSchoolreferencesInterviewMostlyfundedbycentralgovernmentgrantsExceptBuckinghamUniversityTheUniversitiesOxfordandCambridge[12thand13thcenturies]Collegesystemandtutorialsystem4Scottishuniversities[15thand16thcenturies]St.Andrews,Glasgow,Aberdeen,Edinburgh3otheruniversitiescontainingcolleges[19thcentury]Durham,London,Wales19th-and20th-centuryuniversitiesstartingfromcollegesPost-waruniversities,oruniversitycolleges,teachingamorebalancedmixtureofsubjectsUniversitiesoftechnology,promotedduringthe1960sTheOpenUniversity“redbrick”BuckinghamUniversityistheonlyprivately-financeduniversityinUK,wherestudentscanfinish3years’coursesintwoyears,anditscurriculumchangesflexiblyaccordingtomarketdemandsHigherEducationInstitutionsofHigherEducationQ.What’sthedifferencebetweentimerangerequiredfordegreesinBritishhighereducationsystemandthetimerangeinChinesehighereducationsystem?DegreesAwardedTimerangerequiredinUKTimerangerequiredinChinaB.A./B.S.3years4yearsM.A./M.S.1or2years2or3yearsDoctoraldegree3to5years3to5yearsFamousUniversitiesTop10BritainUniversityin20101.UniversityofCambridge剑桥大学2.UniversityofOxford牛津大学3.ImperialCollege(London)帝国学院（伦敦）4.UniversityofDurham达勒姆大学5.LondonSchoolofEconomics伦敦政治经济学院6.UniversityofSt.Andrews圣安德鲁斯大学7.UniversityofWarwick华威大学8.LancasterUniversity兰卡斯特大学9.UniversityCollegeLondon伦敦大学学院10.UniversityofYork约克大学OxfordandCambridgeCollegesystem:wherebyallstudentsliveincollegeduringatleastpartoftheircourse,whichfostersacommunityspiritinwhichausefulminglingofintelligencecantakeplace.Suchcollegesincludetutorsaswellasstudents,andarelargelyself-governing.Tutorialsystem:wherebyeachstudentgetspersonaltutoringonceaweekinhistutor’sownroom.It,togetherwithaweeklyprogrammeofprivatestudy,hasbeenconsideredveryimportantatOxfordandCambridge.OxfordUniversityandCambridgeUniversityaresometimesreferredtocollectivelyasOxbridge.OxfordCrestCambridgeCrestFamousUniversitiesInstitutionofHigherEducation-OxfordCambridge’scontributionstoScienceManyofthemostimportantscientificdiscoveriesandrevolutionsweremadebyCambridgealumniTheseinclude:1.Understandingthescientificmethod,byFrancisBacon2.Thelawsofmotion,bySirIsaacNewton3.Thediscoveryoftheelectron,byJ.J.Thomson4.Theunificationofelectromagnetism,byJamesClerkMaxwell5.Thediscoveryofhydrogen,byHenryCavendish6.Evolutionbynaturalselection,byCharlesDarwin7.TheTuringmachine,thebasisofmoderncomputers,byAlanTuring8.ThestructureofDNA,byFrancisCrickandJamesD.WatsonInstitution