英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter-17

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况AustraliaGovernmentandSociety英语国家概况Chapter17ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCONTENTIPeopleIIEconomyIIIEducationIVGovernmentForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesGovernmentGovernmentsystem:reflectsboththeBritishandNorthAmericanmodelsofliberaldemocracybutwithuniqueAustraliancharacteristicsThreebranches:thelegislature,theexecutiveandthejudicialTheheadofState:QueenForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesPopulation:about22.9millionin2013MulticulturalSociety:DiversityofPopulationDiversityofLanguageDiversityofReligionImmigrationintoAustraliaWhiteOnlyPolicyAsianAustraliansPeopleForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesPeopleAustralianAboriginespeoplewhoseancestorswereindigenoustotheAustraliancontinentbeforeBritishcolonizationofthecontinentbeganin1788TheoriginofAboriginalpeoplesinAustraliahasbeenthesubjectofintensespeculationsincethenineteenthcentury.Untilrecently,notheoryofmigrationhadgainedwideacceptance.About20%oflandinNorthernAustraliaisnowAboriginal-ownedForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries3.2NaturalResources3.1GeneralReview3.3Tourism3.4PlantsandAnimalsEconomyForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesWestern-stylecapitalisteconomyGDP:foreigntrade:Europe,America,AsianCommunitymanufacturing:12.5%amajorexporter:agriculturalproducts(wool,beefandmutton)minerals(suchasiron-oreandgold)tourism(11%oftotalexportearnings)3.1GeneralReviewForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMinerals:atremendousimpactonthecountry'shistoryandpatternsofsettlementEnergy:exporterAgriculture:oneoftheworld’slargestproducersoffood,butthelowestpercentageofcultivatableareaFishery:agreatvarietyofmarinelife3.2NaturalResourcesForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries3.2NaturalResourcesAustralianplantandanimalspeciesItisestimatedthattherearearound27,700differentplantsnativetoAustralia.AlthoughmostofAustraliaissemi-aridordesert,itincludesadiverserangeofhabitats.AustralianforestsaremostlymadeupofevergreenspeciesAmongwell-knownAustraliananimalsarethemonotremes(单孔类动物)(theplatypus(鸭嘴兽)andechidna(针鼹));ahostofmarsupials(有袋类动物),includingthekangaroo(袋鼠),koala(考拉),andwombat(袋熊)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCoastallandscapeEnjoytheJourneyNaturalwondersCitytrip3.3TourismForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries3.3TourismAmusementandthemeparksagroupofentertainmentattractions,rides,andothereventsinalocationfortheenjoymentoflargenumbersofpeopleThemeparks,aspecifictypeofamusementpark,areusuallymuchmoreintricatelythemedtoacertainsubjectorgroupofsubjectsthannormalamusementparks.Australianthemepark:WarnerBros.MovieWorldForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries3.3TourismArtgalleryandmuseumabuildingorspacefortheexhibitionofart,usuallyvisualartalotofgalleriesandmuseumsinAustralia:MuseumofOldandNewArt,QueenslandGalleryofModernArt,AustralianCentreforContemporaryArt,TarraWarraMuseumofArtForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries3.3TourismHistoricsitesanofficiallocationwherepiecesofpolitical,militaryorsocialhistoryhavebeenpreservedhistoricsiteisanybuilding,landscape,siteorstructurethatisoflocal,regional,ornationalsignificanceincludeDarwinMilitaryMuseum,FortScratchley,MaitlandGaol(梅特兰监狱),NationalMuseumofAustralia,WetTropicsofQueenslandForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesSydney3.3Tourism—CityTripMelbourneCairnsDarwinForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries3.3Tourism—NaturalWondersTheGreatBarrierReefUluru(AyersRock)TheGoldenCoastTheSydneyOperaHouseForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries3.3TourismSydneyOperaHouseForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesEducation4.2HigherEducation4.3MajorUniversities4.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducation4.4QuestionsForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesChildrenbetween2and5cangotokindergartens.Mostchildrenstarttheirprimaryschooleducationat5andfinishat12.Childrenenterthesecondaryschoolaround12.Attheageof17or18,theytakestateexaminationsforuniversityentrance.4.1ElementaryandSecondaryEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesUniversity:Thereare38universitiesinAustralia,whichhavelongenjoyedaninternationalreputationforexcellenceinteachingandresearch.Vocationaltraininginstitutions:providingcourseswithastrongvocationalfocussuchastravel,tourism,graphicdesign,etc.Adultandcommunityeducationalinstitution:well-adaptedtotheneedsofparttimeandfull-timeadultlearners4.2HigherEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAustralianFilm,TelevisionandRadioSch