英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter-16

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况AustraliaGeographyandHistory英语国家概况Chapter16ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCONTENTGeography1History2ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesReadthemapandfindcluestothefollowingitems:sizeandlocationregionsterrainandtopographyForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesthesixthlargestcountryintheworldlocatedinOceania,theSouthernHemispherecompletelysurroundedbywater:lyingbetweentheIndianandPacificOceansnorth:theTimorSea,theArafuraSeaandtheTorresStraiteast:theCoralSea,theTasmanSeasouth:theBassStrait,theIndianOceanwest:theIndianOceanSizeandLocationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesACT—AustralianCapitalTerritoryNSW—NewSouthWalesNT—NorthernTerritoryQLD—QueenslandSA—SouthernAustraliaTAS—TasmaniaVIC—VictoriaWA—WesternAustraliaRegionsForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTerrainandTopographyTheaverageelevation:275mMountEverestisalmostfourtimesashighasMountKosciuszko.thehighestandlowestpointinAustraliaNameStateHeight(m)MawsonPeakHeardIsland2,745MountKosciuszkoNSW2,228EyreLakeSA-15ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesanislandcontinentwithadiverserangeofclimatezonesnorth:tropicaltheinterior:aridsouth:temperateTemperature:50—0℃ClimateForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesSydney(悉尼)capitalcityofNewSouthWales(新南威尔士州)Australia’slargestandoldestcityHasapopulationofover4.4millionMajorcitiesViewofSydneyfromSydneyTower.SydneyCBDpanoramafromTarongaZoo,NorthSydney.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCanberra(堪培拉)thecapitalofAustralialocatedintheAustralianCapitalTerritory(澳大利亚首都领地)Australia'slargestinlandcityandtheeighth-largestcityoverall.ThesiteofCanberrawasselectedforthelocationofthenation'scapitalin1908asacompromisebetweenrivalsSydneyandMelbourneIthasarelativelydrycontinentalclimatewithwarmtohotsummersandcooltocoldwintersMajorcitiesForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMelbourne(墨尔本)World’sMostLivableCitiesaninformalnamegiventoanylistofcitiesastheyrankonareputableannualsurveyoflivingconditionsassessedbyTheEconomistsince2000,MelbournehasbeenconsistentlyrankedamongtheWorld’sMostLivableCitiesMajorcitiesForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesHistory1234EuropeanExplorationandSettlementMovementtowardFederationInfluenceoftheWarsAustraliainDevelopmentForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesearlyexploration1606:Torres,Spanish--TorresStrait1642:AbelTasman,Dutch--TasmaniaIsland1688:WilliamDampier,British--Northwest1770:JamesCook,British--NewSouthWalespenalsettlements1783:TheAmericanRevolutionendedandAustraliawasestablishedasanewpenalsettlementatBotanyBay.expandingcolonization:GrowthofsheepgrazingGoldrushtreatmentofAborigines:1788:300,000Australianaborigines19thand20thcentury:declinesteeplyEuropeanExplorationandSettlementForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriestotem(图腾)abeing,object,orsymbolrepresentingananimalorplantthatservesasanemblemofagroupofpeople,suchasafamily,clan,group,lineage,ortribe,remindingthemoftheirancestryEuropeanExplorationandSettlementForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesJamesCook(1728-1779)aBritishexplorer,navigator,cartographer,andcaptainintheRoyalNavymadedetailedmapsofNewfoundlandpriortomakingthreevoyagestothePacificOcean,duringwhichheachievedthefirstrecordedEuropeancontactwiththeeasterncoastlineofAustraliaandtheHawaiianIslands,andthefirstrecordedcircumnavigationofNewZealand.namedthecoastNewSouthWalesandformallyclaimingitforBritainin1770EuropeanExplorationandSettlementForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries1889:NSWlaunchedthemovementtoreplacetheFederalCouncil.HenryParkes,thepremier,announcedthatthecolonywouldsupportanewformoffederalism.NationalAustralasianConventionIttookplacein1891.attemptedtoapproveafederalconstitutionTheConventionapprovedadraft,butthecolonialparliamentsfailedtoacttoratifyit.1901:thesixcoloniesofAustraliaadoptedafederalconstitutionandtheCommonwealthofAustraliawasestablished.MovementtowardFederationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesWWI:disastertoAustralia1914:•totalAustralianmen:3million•400,000volunteeredtothewar.•60,000died.•Tensofthousandswounded.1915:April25becametheAnzacDay,adaytoremindthecountry’smostsignificantdayofpublichomage.interwaryears:•GreatDepressionWWII:•senseofconfidenceenhanced•survivedwithasenseofpridepostwarpeaceandprosperity•theSnowyMountainsScheme•theMenziesEraInfluenceoftheWarsForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesGallipoliCampaign(February1915–January1916)t