英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter-5

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandEducation,MediaandHoliday英语国家概况ChapterFiveForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesHolidaysandFestivalsEducationMediaIIIIIICONTENTForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesEducationEducationalPolicyEducationalSystemForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCompulsoryeducationforallchildrenbetweentheagesof5and16(17from2013)Comprehensiveschools•introducedinthe1960s.•Thepurposeofthecomprehensiveschoolistodemocratizeeducationandprovideequalopportunityforallchildren.Grammarschools•offersanacademiccourseinpreparationforuniversityentranceandfortheprofessions.Vocationalschools•Itmaybeobtainedeitherformallyintradeschools,technicalsecondaryschools,orinon-the-jobtrainingprogramsor,moreinformally,bypickingupthenecessaryskillsonthejob.EducationalPolicyForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesNationalCurriculumwasintroducedin1988.Subjectsincludemathematics,English,science,geography,history,technology,music,arts,physicaleducationandaforeignlanguage.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesEducationinBritainisdividedintofourstages:primarysecondaryfurthereducationhighereducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesEducationalSystemPrimaryandSecondaryEducationFamousUniversitiesHigherEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTwoparallelschoolsystem:Nationalcurriculum:PrimaryandSecondaryEducationStatesystem—localauthoritymaintained93%•(Freetoallchildrenbetweentheagesof5—16)Independentsystem—Publicschools7%•(Parentspayfortheirchildren'seducation)CompulsoryinstateschoolOptionalinindependentschoolForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesstatesystem—11-yearcompulsoryeducation5-11:primaryschools(co-educational/mixedschools)11-16:secondaryschools(mostarecomprehensiveschools)GCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)PrimaryandSecondaryEducationStateSystemForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTheGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(GCSE)（普通中等教育证书）Anacademicqualificationgenerallytakeninanumberofsubjectsbystudentsaged14–16insecondaryeducationinEngland,WalesandNorthernIrelandCertifyingthatthestudentshaveachievedthestandardexpectedafter11yearsofcompulsoryeducationPrimaryandSecondaryEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesPrimaryandSecondaryEducation“sixthform”(2years)(Englisheducationsystem)thefinaltwoyearsofsecondaryschoolingduringwhichstudentsareaboutsixteentoeighteenyearsofage.A-levels(GeneralCertificateofEducation—Advanced)—foruniversitiesadmittancesGNVQs(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications)—forvocationaltrainingStateSystem(Cont.)ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesA-levelsTheA-level,or“AdvancedLevel”isagradeofeducationthatisofferedbyeducationalinstitutionssuchasschoolsandcollegesandisanacceptedformofqualification.A-levelsaregenerallyatwo-yearcourse,withASlevelsbeingobtainedwithinthefirstyear.A-levelsareusuallytakenaftersuccessfulcompletionofapreviouslevelofcourse,suchasGCSEs.PrimaryandSecondaryEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesthemostfamous—Eton,HarrowandWinchesterover2500independentschoolsacrossBritainOver7%percentofallBritishchildrenAprivilegefortherichPrimaryandSecondaryEducationBetterfundedBetterteachersBetterfacilitiesBetterchancetoenterfamousuniversitiesIndependentSystemForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesEtonCollegeEtonCollege,ofteninformallyreferredtoasEton,isthelargestpublicschool(independentsecondaryschool)inEnglandandoneofthehighestinprestige.Iteducatesover1,300pupils,agedbetween13to18yearsandwasfoundedin1440byKingHenryVIasTheKing'sCollegeofOurLadyofEtonbesidesWyndsor.PrimaryandSecondaryEducationEtoncollegeForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesWinchesterCollegeoneoftheoldestofthegreatpublicschoolsofEngland(datingfrom1382)EverypupilatWinchester,apartfromtheScholars,livesinaboardinghouse.Eachhousealsohadasetofhousecolours,whichadornedtheribbonwornaroundboys'strats(strawhats).PrimaryandSecondaryEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesRecruitmentbaseon:A-levelsSchoolreferencesInterviewAllBritishuniversitiesarepartiallyfundedbycentralgovernmentgrants.ExceptBuckinghamUniversityandBPPUniversityCollegeHigherEducationForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMaintenancegrantReceivedbystudentsfrompoorfamiliesFinancialaidbasedonneed,fromthecentralgovernmentVerypoorstudentsreceivingthefullgrantandless-poorstudentsreceivingonlyapartialgrant.Havingbeenabolishedin1998bytheLaborgovernmentandatuitionplanforuniversityeducationwasimplementedHig