英语国家概况Chapter-8

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况TheUnitedStatesofAmericaChapter8History英语国家概况AmericaBetween1600-1900I.AmericaintheColonialEraII.TheAmericanWarofIndependenceIII.TheAmericanCivilWarI.AmericaintheColonialEraA.Pre-Columbianperiod(前哥伦比亚时期)B.ColonialPeriod(殖民地时期，late15thto18thcentury)Pre-colonialperiodIndians:The“firstAmericans”IndiansInancienttimes,theBeringStraitwastiedtogether,itwaspossiblefortheIndianstowalkfromAsiatoAlaskaabout12,000yearsago.AmericaIndianTheDiscoveryoftheNewWorldChristopherColumbusreachedAmericain1492.ThenewcontinentIn1492,ColumbuslandedatoneoftheCaribbeanislands.ColumbusbelievedthathehadreachedIndiaandcalledthenativepeopleIndians.AmerigoVespuccidiscoveredthecontinentofSouthAmerica,thecontinentwasnamedafterhim.colonialperiodIn1607theEnglishestablishedtheirfirstcolonyinAmerica,atJamestown,Virginia.VirginiaisnamedinhonorofQueenElizabeth,theVirginQueen.Jamestownwasnamedfortheruler,KingJames.TheFoundingofthe13ColoniesAftertheBritishfoundedthefirstcolonyinAmericain1607ThePilgrims,in1620,sailedonashipcalledMayflowerandarrivedatPlymouthMassachusetts.Between1607and1733theBritishestablished13coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.MayflowerThe13coloniesDelaware特拉华Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚NewJersey新泽西州Georgia乔治亚Connecticut康涅狄格Massachusetts麻萨诸塞Maryland马里兰SouthCarolina南卡罗来纳NewHampshire新罕布什尔Virginia弗吉尼亚NewYork纽约NorthCarolina北卡罗来纳RhodeIsland罗德岛TheconflictbetweenEnglandanditscoloniesTheEnglandImposednewtaxestodefraythecostoftheSevenYearsWar.ExpectedAmericanstolodgeBritishsoldiersintheirhomes.ThecolonistsResentedthetaxesandresistedthequarteringofsoldiers.colonists’slogan“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”PS：Colonistsareresistanttopaytaxeswhichbecomeanimportantcauseofindependencewar.Formastate（1776年7月4日）TheDeclarationofIndependence(July4,1776)AnnouncingthebirthoftheUnitedStatesFormastate（1776年7月4日）ThecontentsoftheDeclarationofIndependenceFivechapters1Foreword2Preface3AccusedKingGeorgeIII4DenounceBritish5ConclusionTheDeclarationofIndependenceWeholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,Liberty,andthepursuitofHappiness.Thattosecuretheserights,GovernmentsareinstitutedamongMen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned.TheDeclarationofIndependenceWeholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,Liberty,andthepursuitofHappiness.我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。Thattosecuretheserights,GovernmentsareinstitutedamongMen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned.为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。TheDeclarationofIndependenceandaccordinglyallexperiencehasshown,thatmankindaremoredisposedtosuffer,whileevilsaresufferable,thantorightthemselvesbyabolishingtheformstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Butwhenalongtrainofabusesandusurpations,pursuinginvariablythesameObject,evincesadesigntoreducethemunderabsoluteDespotism,itistheirright,itistheirduty,tothrowoffsuchGovernment,andtoprovidenewGuardsfortheirfuturesecurity.TheDeclarationofIndependenceandaccordinglyallexperiencehasshown,thatmankindaremoredisposedtosuffer,whileevilsaresufferable,thantorightthemselvesbyabolishingtheformstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Butwhenalongtrainofabusesandusurpations,pursuinginvariablythesameObject,evincesadesigntoreducethemunderabsoluteDespotism,itistheirright,itistheirduty,tothrowoffsuchGovernment,andtoprovidenewGuardsfortheirfuturesecurity.过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障－－What’sthesignificanceofTheDeclarationofIndependence?Youcanthinkitfromthefollowingaspects.PhilosophyinfluencePracticalinfluenceHistoricinfluenceTreatyofParis巴黎条约（1783年）ThetreatywassignedinParisin1783.BritishrecognizedAmericanindependence.Thepeacetreatyacknowledgedtheindependence,freedom,andsovereignty(主权)ofthe13states.TheCivilWar(1861~1865)DoyouknowtheoriginofAmericanslaverysystem?South-----slaveryeconomy1.AmericanslaveryexistedafterthefirstimmigrantsfromEuropefoundedtheirsettlements.2.IntheSouth,thelandwasabundantandsuitableforfarming,andtheplantershadtomanagetheirplantationsusingblackAfricanslaves,whowereregardedasthepropertyoftheplanters.3.Theycouldbebought,soldandwereoftentreatedcruelly.North-----capitalisteconomy1.Thereisagrowingdemandforlabortoworkinfactories.2.Northernerssupportedtheabolitionofslavery,becausetheywantedtogetslavesfromtheSouth.3.Theyaskedthegovernmenttofinancethebuildingofrailwaysandroads.South-----Agriculturaleconomy(plantations)1.TheabundantlandwassuitableforfarmingandtheplantershadtomanagetheirplantationsusingblackAfricanslaves.2.Blackslavescouldbebought,soldandwereoftentreatedcruelly.3.TheSouthernersadvocatedfreetradesothattheycouldpurchasecheapergoodsfromforeigncountries.ThecausesoftheCivilWar1)Thedifferenteconomicsystemsinthenorthandthesouth2)Theslaveryprobleminthesouth3)Thepoliticalconfli