England-under-the-Tudors都铎王朝

HistoryofTudorDynastyHouseofLancastertheWaroftheRoses(1455–1487)HouseofYorkBattleofBosworth(1485)RichardIIIHenryVIIElizabethofYorkHenryVIInieceofRichardIIImarriedTudorRoseHenryVIIIEdwardVIMaryIElizabethITheWoolenTextileIndustry&theEnclosureMovementHundredYears’WarManufacturingandexportingofunfinishedwoolenclothCraftsmenfledfromNetherlandstoEnglandTheboostofEnglishtextileindustryamajorexporterofwoolPushingupthepriceofwoolBecomingtheprototypeofmodernindustryIn16thcentury,Landlordsbegantoturnlargeareasofarablelandintosheepgrazingland.TheconflictsbetweenManoriallordsandpeasantsledtobitterresentment.Kett’sRebellion(1549)RobertKettTheenclosuremovementsloweddown.LandedgentryMerchantsandlawyersAcquiringlandandgettingcoatofarmsLandedgentryForeignTradeandGeographicalExpansion—EnglandundertheTudorsⅠ.Theprocessleadingtogeographicaldiscoveries•TheincreaseinproductionandexpansionoftradeinEuropeinthelate15thcenturycausedashortageofgoldandsilver•Peoplebegantofindotherplacesfornewsourcesofsupply•ThePortuguesetooktheleadintherushforgold•TheEuropeansmadegeographicaldiscoveriesⅡ.Theraceofvoyage(1)WhenWhoNationalityHowFind1488EuropeansailingacrosstheredseaIndia1488BartholomewDiasPortugueseroundedtheCapeofGoodHope1498VascoDaGamaPortugueseviatheAfricancoastIndia①ChristopherColumbus，②VascoDaGama③BartholomewDias，④FerdinandMagellan•ThenthePortugueseestablishedatradingempireintheeastincludingMacao.•Atthesametime,SpanishsetsailacrosstheAtlanticOcean,hopingtofindashorterroutetotherichspicelandoftheEastIndiesbysailingwest.Ⅲ.Theraceofvoyage(2)WhenWhoNationalityHowFind1492ChristopherColumbusItalian(inSpanishservice)theCaribbeanislandsLaterAmerigoVespucciItalian(inSpanishservice)exploredthecoastofsouthAmericaAmerica-anewcontinenttheEuropeansdidn’tknowofⅣ.TheimpactofthediscoveryofAmericaItbroadenedpeople’sviewabouttheworldandledtoEuropeancolonizationofwesternhemisphere.Italsoledtolarge-scaleexchanges—ColumbianexchangesBenefitoftheexchange:exchangedmanyplants,animalsandsoon.BadaffectiontothelocalinAmerica:broughtdisaster,destroyedtheAncientAztecEmpireandtheIncacivilization,controlledthegoldmines,killedandenslavedalotofpeople.Thelocalpopulationdecreasedbyabout90%.•Toavoidconflictofclaims,SpainandPortuguesesignedtheTreatyofTordesillasin1494.•Becauseofthegoldrush,HenryⅧ(1509-1547)reducedthevalueoftheEnglishcurrency,whichcausedabiginflationbringingsufferingstothelowerclasses.ⅤThereignofElizabethI•Sail:JohnCabottoNewfoundlandinNorthAmericain1497.•Exploration:SirFrancisDrake,thefirstEnglishmanwhosailedroundtheworld.•Trade:authorizedtheestablishmentofgreattradingcompanies,knownascharteredcompanies.Charteredcompaniesenjoyedcertainspecialrightsgrantedbythemonarch.ThemostfamousoneistheEastIndiaCompanyfoundedin1599.TheybroughthugeamountofwealthtoEngland.TheReformationItstartedin1517andendedin1646.1.BackgroundoftheReformation•Politically,theCatholicChurchwasalmostasuperstateorganization.•Spiritually,thePopewasthehighestauthorityinEurope.•Economically,theCatholicChurchwasextremelywealthy.SellingtheIndulgences(出售赎罪券)•In1517,apreachernamedTetzelcametoanearbyvillage,offeringindulgencestothosewhowouldcontributetothebuildingofnewCathedralofSt.Peter,atRoma.Hesaid:“Sosoonascoinincofferrings,thesoulfromPurgatory(炼狱)springs.”2.ReformationontheContinent•ThesellingofindulgencepromptedMartinLuther(1483-1546)toposthis95theses(95条论纲）onthedooroftheCastleChurchinWittenbergin1517,attachingthesellingofindulgences.ThisstartedtheReformation.Luther’s95theses(Oct.31,1517)路德张贴《九十五条论纲》•Thesewereninety-fiveshortstatementsrelatingtoindulgences,andinpostingthem,Lutherwassimplyinvitinglearnedprofessorstodiscussthestatementsproandconinordertodetermine,ifpossible,whetherthepracticesofsuchagentsofchurchasTetzelwereorwerenotinaccordwiththetruedoctrine.MartinLuther(1483-1546)马丁·路德3.TheEnglishReformation•HenryVIIIwantedtodivorceCatherinebutPoperefused•HedissolvedallofEngland’smonasteries（修道院）andnunneries•HeestablishedtheChurchofEnglandReasons•Adesireforchangeandreforminthechurch•Henryneededmoney•Theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresented.Effects:1.StrengthenedHenry’sposition2.TheimportanceofParliament（议会）grew3.EnglandwasmovingfromCatholicism（天主教）towardsProtestantism（新教）TheElizabethanAgeElizabeth1Elizabethwasaverybrightwomanandaveryshrewdpolitician.ShereignedoverEnglandfrom1559to1603.Elizabethnevermarriedandhadnoheir.Whenshediedin1603,theTudorMonarchycametotheend.Whenshedied,shewas70yearsold.BriefIntroductionContributionsettlingthereligiousdisputeandsettingthechurchofEnglandonamoderateProtestantpathhavingefficientgovernmentpayinggreatattentiontothetradeandcommercebuildingupapowerfulnavyCatholicismtoProtestantismShedeterminedtomaketheEnglishchurchcomfortable,moderate,andpopular.ShemadesomeconcessionstosatisfyextremeProtestantreformers.Inaddition,ElizabethdidnottakethedrasticmeasuresagainsttheCatholics.Withallthesemeasures,Elizabethachievedreligiousunitywithinthenation.TheChurchofEnglandhasremainedprettymuchthesameuntiltodayitwasinElizabeth’stime.Elizabethbelievedinstrongandeffec