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ArchibaldMacLeish1892–1982•Americanpoet,writerandtheLibrarianofCongress.HeisassociatedwiththeModernistschoolofpoetry.HereceivedthreePulitzerPrizesforhiswork.LibraryofCongressreadingroom•“IattributemyinterestinMacLeishtoserendipity(意外发现的珍品（的本领）),curiosity,andawillingnesstochallengemyselfbyexploringtheworkofapoetIbelievefewwouldbeinterestedinreadingtoday.”•--GertrudeStein•MacLeishwasborninGlencoe,Illinois.HeattendedtheHotchkissSchoolfrom1907to1911beforeenteringYaleUniversity,HethenenrolledinHarvardLawSchool,whereheservedasaneditoroftheHarvardLawReview.Fromthislist,it’sevidentthathewasquitewelleducated.•In1916,hemarriedAdaHitchcock.[3]HisstudieswereinterruptedbyWorldWarI,Hein1919,taughtlawforasemesterforthegovernmentdepartmentatHarvard,thenworkedbrieflyasaneditorforTheNewRepublic.•In1923MacLeishlefthislawfirmandmovedwithhiswifetoParis,France,wheretheyjoinedthecommunityofliteraryexpatriatesthatincludedsuchmembersasGertrudeSteinandErnestHemingway.TheyalsobecamepartofthefamedcoterieofRivierahostsGeraldandSarahMurphy,whichincludedHemingwayF.ScottFitzgerald,JohnDosPassos,andPabloPicasso.•WhileinParis,HarryCrosby,publisheroftheBlackSunPress,offeredtopublishMacLeish'spoetry.BothMacLeishandCrosbyhadrejectedconventionalcareersinthelegalandbankingfields.CrosbypublishedMacLeish'slongpoemEinsteininadeluxeeditionof150copiesthatsoldquickly.MacLeishwaspaidUS$200forhiswork.•HereturnedtoAmericain1928.From1930to1938heworkedasawriterandanti-fascisteditorforFortuneMagazine.Bythe1930s,heconsideredCapitalismtobesymbolicallydeadandwrotetheverseplayPanic(1935)inresponse.•In1939,PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltpersuadedhimtoacceptanappointmentasLibrarianofCongress,apositionhekeptforfiveyears.MacLeishthoroughlyreorganizedtheLibrary'sadministrativeofficesandestablishedtheLibrary'sseriesofpoetryreadings.In1944hewasappointedassistantSecretaryofStateforculturalaffairs.AfterWorldWarII,MacLeishbecamethefirstAmericanmemberofthegoverningbodyofUNESCO,andchairedthefirstUNESCOconferenceinParis.•In1949ArchibaldMacleishretiredfromhispoliticalactivismtobecomeHarvard'sBoylstonProfessorofRhetoricandOratory.HisCollectedPoems(1952)wonhimasecondPulitzerPrize,aswellastheNationalBookAwardandtheBollingenPrize.J.B.(1958),averseplaybasedonthebookofJob,earnedhimathirdPulitzer,thistimefordrama.Andin1965hereceivedanAcademyAwardforhisworkonthescreenplayofTheEleanorRooseveltStory.ArchibaldMacLeishdiedinApril1982inBoston,Massachusetts.Majorworks•TheHappyMarriage,1924ThePoetofEarth,1925Conquistador征服者(1933),CollectedPoems(1917-1952),J.B.(verse-drama,1958)Awards•1933:PulitzerPrizeforpoetry(“Conquistador”，1932)•1953:PulitzerPrizeforpoetry(“CollectedPoems”1917–1952)•1953:NationalBookAward(“CollectedPoems”)•1953:BollingenPrizeinPoetry•1959:PulitzerPrizeforDrama(“J.B.”)•1959:TonyAwardforBestPlay(“J.B.”)•1965:AcademyAwardforDocumentaryFeature(“TheEleanorRooseveltStory”)•1977:PresidentialMedalofFreedom“ArsPoetica”•Thetitleofthepoem•Itsuggeststhatitpresentsanewpoetics,definingitsnature,formsandtechnicaldevices,aswellasexplainingtheprinciplesthatgovernitscraftanddistinguishitfromothercreativeactivities.•WritteninLatin,thetitlepointsouttoitsaffinitywiththeclassicsinthisfield,suchasAristotle’sPoeticsandHorace’sArsPoetica(TheArtofPoetry).Thereforethepoemisperceivedtobearesponsetotheworksofthepredecessors.•Thereaderisremindedfromtheverybeginningthatitisnotapoem,butratherapoemonpoetry.Thereaderisurgedtoreadthepoeminthelightoftheentiretraditionofpoetics.On“ArsPoetica拉丁语”•MacLeishsaysthatthepoemshouldexpressitsmeaningimplicitlyratherthanputtingitinexplicitsentences.Theessenceofthepoemliesintheimageryituses.Forinstance,hesays,griefcanbedepictedbyimagesof'emptydoorway'or'mapleleaf'.•Alsotheessenceshouldnotfadeawaywiththepassageoftimei.e.thecentralideaofthepoemshouldberelevantforever.•Thebeautyofthepoemisthatallwhatisdescribedas'theartofpoetry'isveryeffectivelyimplementedinthepoemitself.•Arspoeticacontainsmanysimilesandimagesthatcontributetoitsessence.•Apoemshouldbebeyondrationalexpression,whichreliesonwordsandsounds.Itshouldbe“dumb”and“wordless,”aspiringtocommunicatewith“mute”significance.•Iftheworldofexperiencecanbecapturedinapoem,itshouldbemadevisibleandsensible.•Apoemshouldbebeyondrationalspace-timeexistence;“motionlessintime”asthemoonclimbingintothesky,eventhoughnoeyecanmarkitspassage.Theidealpoemshouldavoidbeingameresentimentalresponsetohumanexperiencesandsituations,whicharenaturallytemporary.Rather,itshouldaspiretothepermanenceandtimelessnessofthecosmicphenomena.•Thethirdstanzarevealsanewaspectoftheartofpoetry:thepopularthemesofloveandgrief.•Apoemshouldpresentitsowntruthinitsownway:nottrytostatewhatistrue,butusesymbolswhichcommunicatetrueemotions.•Formismeaning.Itinvolvestheselectionandarrangement,theorderingandemphasis.Thus,thepoemisnotameansofsayinganythingthatcouldbesaidequallywellanotherway.Itssayingisthewholepoem–thequalityoftheimagery,thefeeloftherhythm,thedramaticforce,andtheideas.Styleandpointofview•Hispoetryisdistinctiveinitseloquentphrasinganditslyrical,emotionalquality.H