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Criticalrealism:Atermappliedtorealisticfictioninthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcentury.Itisamethodofrealisticfictiontothecriticismofsocietyandtheexaminationofsocialissues.Thecriticalrealistscreatepicturesofbourgeoiscivilization,describingthemiseryandsufferingsofthecommonpeople.Theyalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.CharlesDichensisoneoftherepresentativesofthisliterarytrend.ThomasHardy:Thomashardy,bornin1840anddiedin1928,isanEnglishnovelistandpoetbelongingtotheNaturalismmovementandisfamousforhisdepictionsoftheimaginarycountyWessex.HismainworksincludeUndertheGreenwoodTree,APairofBlueEyes,TessoftheD’Urbervillesandsoon.OscarWilde:OscarWilde,bornin1854anddiedin1900,wasanIrishwriter,poetandplaywright.HewasregardedasthespokesmanofAestheticMovement(唯美主义)inEnglandandadvocates“ArtforArt’ssake”.Todayheisrememberedforhisepigrams.hismajorworksincludeThePictureofDorianGray(道林格雷的童话)，AWomanofNoImportance,TheImportanceofBeingEarnestandsoon.Epiphany:asuddenrevelationoftruthaboutlifeinspiredbyaseeminglytrivialincident.ThemethodofepiphanyisappliedinthenoveltitledArabywrotebyJamesJoyce.Modernism:ModernismasaliterarymovementreacheditsheightinEuropebetween1900andthemiddle1920s.Itrevolvesaroundthemesofindividualismsuchastherandomnessoflife,mistrustofinstitutions(government,religion)andthedisbeliefinanyabsolutetruths.Modernisticliteraturetendstoinvolvealiterarystructurethatdepartsfromconventionalityandrealism.D.H.LawrenceandE.M.Forsteraretypicalrepresentativesofthisliterarytrend.Dramaticmonologue（戏剧独白）：Dramaticmonologueinpoetry,alsoknownasapersonapoem,sharesmanycharacteristicswithatheatricalmonologue:anaudienceisimplied;thereisnodialogue;andthepoetspeaksthroughanassumedvoice—acharacter,afictionalidentity,orapersona.Streamofconsciousness:anarrativedevicethatattemptstogivethewrittenequivalentofthecharacter'sthoughtprocesses,eitherinalooseinteriormonologue,orinconnectiontohisorheractions.Stream-of-consciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologueandischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinthoughtandlackofsomeorallpunctuation.Metafiction(元小说):MetafictionisprimarilyassociatedwithModernistliteratureandPostmodernistliterature.Metafictionisaliterarydeviceusedtoself-consciouslyandsystematicallydrawattentiontoawork'sstatusasanartifact.Itposesquestionsabouttherelationshipbetweenfictionandreality,usuallyusingironyandself-reflection.Itcanbecomparedtopresentationaltheatre,whichdoesnotlettheaudienceforgetitisviewingaplay;metafictionforcesreaderstobeawarethattheyarereadingafictionalwork.