英美文学-naturalism-modernism-realism-等名词解释

AmericanModernismisaculturalmovementwhichbeganinthebeginningofthe20thcenturywithitscoreperiodbetweenWorldWarIandWorldWarIIandcontinuingintothe21stcentury.Iit’skeyelementsareexperimentation,anti-realism,individualismandastressonthecerebral大脑的ratherthanemotiveaspects.Itwasamovementofartistsanddesignerswhorebelledagainstlate19thcenturyacademicandhistoricaltradition,andembracedtheneweconomic,socialandpoliticalaspectsoftheemergingmodernworld.AmongAmericanwriters,thebest-knownModernistsareT.S.Eliot,EzraPound,ErnestHemingway,WilliamFaulknerandsoon.ThetermthelostgenerationwascoinedbyGertrudeSteinwhenshecommentedonErnestHemingwayandusedittodescribethepeopleofthe1920'swhorejectedAmericanpostWorldWarIvalues..TheLostGenerationdefinesasenseofmorallossoraimlessnessapparentinliteraryfiguresduringthe1920s.Theword“lost”notonlymeansmanywriters’depressionanddisappointmenttowardsthesociety,butalsoyoungpeople’swhodisregardsconventionalstandardsoflifestyle,amongthem,majoritytookpartinWorldWarⅠandwerehurtbothinspiritandphysicbecauseofAmericanhypocriticaldemocracyandfreedom.ThemainrepresentativesofLostGenerationincludeT.S.Eliot,EzraPound,ErnestHemingwayTranscendentalismisaphilosophicalandliterarymovementthatflourishedinnewEnglandfromabouttheearly19thcentury.ItisthesummitofAmericanRomanticism.Itholdsthatonemusttranscend,inasensegobeyond,logicandexperiencethroughintuitioninordertofindthedeepesttruths.TheTranscendentalistsstressedspiritortheOversoul.TheyaffirmestheroleofindividualandsawnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.ThemainrepresentativesareRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauandMagartFuller.AmericanRealismcameinthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcenturyasareactionagainstRomanticism.Itstressestruthfultreatmentofmaterial.Itfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeople,andemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.Naturalismdesignatesaliterarymovementinthelate19thtoearly20thcenturiesinFrance,AmericaandEngland.Itwasinspiredbytheprinciplesandthemethodsofnaturalscience.Inliterature,naturalismextendedthetraditionofrealism,themajorfeaturesofnaturalismare(1)Humansarecontrolledbylawsofheredity遗传andenvironment.(2)Theuniverseiscold,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.(3)Naturalisticwritersarepessimistic.Theychoosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofthesociety,andportraymiseryandpovertyofthe“underdogs”.ThemainrepresentativesofNaturalismincludeO.Henry，JackLondon。StephenCraneLostGenerationisaliteratureschooloriginalinAmericaninthetwentiethcentury.LostGenerationreferstothegenerationaftertheWorldWarI.Thearecaughtinthewarandcutofffromtheold.Meanwhile,itvaluesandyetunabletocometotermswiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad,meaninflessandfutile.ItalsoreferstotheyoungwriterswholivedasexpatriatesinWesternEuropeforashorttime.BesidesHemingway,thereisEzraPound,T.S.Eliot,Matthewandmanyothernovelists.TherepresentativeworksareTheBigMoney,TheSunAlsoRise.ThemainrepresentativesofLostGenerationincludeT.S.EliotErnestHemingwayAmericanmodernismisanartisticandculturalmovementintheUnitedStatesstartingattheturnofthe20thcenturywithitscoreperiodbetweenWorldWarIandWorldWarIIandcontinuingintothe21stcentury.Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandmanandmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratedmoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Inliterature,thekeypeopleassociatedwiththemovementareEzraPound,T.S.Eliot,W.B.Yeats,VirginiaWoolf,RobertFrost,andWallaceStevens.TherepresentativeworksareTheSecondComingbyW.B.Yeats,Mrs.DallowaybyVirginiaWoolf.Americanrealismwasanearly20thcenturyideainart,musicandliteraturethatshowedthroughthesedifferenttypesofwork,reflectionsofthetimeperiod.Whetheritwasaculturalportrayal,orascenicviewofdowntownNewYorkCity,theseimagesandworksofliterature,musicandpaintingdepictedacontemporaryviewofwhatwashappening;anattemptatdefiningwhatwasreal.InAmericaatthebeginningofthe20thcenturyanewgenerationofpainters,writersandjournalistswerecomingofage.ManyofthepaintersfelttheinfluenceofolderAmericanartistssuchasThomasEakins,MaryCassatt,,WinslowHomer,ChildeHassam,J.AldenWeir.HowevertheywereinterestedincreatingnewandmoreurbaneworksthatreflectedcitylifeandapopulationthatwasmoreurbanthanruralinAmericaasitenteredthenewcentury.TherepresentativeauthorsareMarkTwain,StephenCraneWilliamDeanHowells,.TherepresentativeworksareworksTomSawyer,AModernInstance.NaturalismNaturalismistheoutgrowthofliteraryrealism,aprominentliterarymovementinmid-19th-centuryFranceandelsewhere.Thetermnaturalismdescribesatypeofliteraturethatattemptstoapplyscientificprinciplesofobjectivityanddetachmenttoitsstudyofhumanbeings.Unlikerealism,whichfocusesonliterarytechnique,naturalismimpliesaphilosophicalposition:fornaturalisticwriters,sincehum