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毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别计算机信息与技术系专业计算机科学与技术班级姓名学号外文出处附件1.原文；2.译文2012年3月1HistoryofcomputingMainarticle:HistoryofcomputinghardwareThefirstuseofthewordcomputerwasrecordedin1613,referringtoapersonwhocarriedoutcalculations,orcomputations,andthewordcontinuedwiththesamemeaninguntilthemiddleofthe20thcentury.Fromtheendofthe19thcenturythewordbegantotakeonitsmorefamiliarmeaning,amachinethatcarriesoutcomputations.Limited-functionearlycomputersTheJacquardloom,ondisplayattheMuseumofScienceandIndustryinManchester,England,wasoneofthefirstprogrammabledevices.Thehistoryofthemoderncomputerbeginswithtwoseparatetechnologies,automatedcalculationandprogrammability,butnosingledevicecanbeidentifiedastheearliestcomputer,partlybecauseoftheinconsistentapplicationofthatterm.Afewdevicesareworthmentioningthough,likesomemechanicalaidstocomputing,whichwereverysuccessfulandsurvivedforcenturiesuntiltheadventoftheelectroniccalculator,liketheSumerianabacus,designedaround2500BCofwhichadescendantwonaspeedcompetitionagainstamoderndeskcalculatingmachineinJapanin1946,thesliderules,inventedinthe1620s,whichwerecarriedonfiveApollospacemissions,includingtothemoonandarguablytheastrolabeandtheAntikytheramechanism,anancientastronomicalcomputerbuiltbytheGreeksaround80BC.TheGreekmathematicianHeroofAlexandria(c.10–70AD)builtamechanicaltheaterwhichperformedaplaylasting10minutesandwasoperatedbyacomplexsystemofropesanddrumsthatmightbeconsideredtobeameansofdecidingwhichpartsofthemechanismperformedwhichactionsandwhen.Thisistheessenceofprogrammability.Aroundtheendofthe10thcentury,theFrenchmonkGerbertd'AurillacbroughtbackfromSpainthedrawingsofamachineinventedbytheMoorsthatansweredeitherYesorNotothequestionsitwasasked.Againinthe13thcentury,themonksAlbertusMagnusandRogerBaconbuilttalkingandroidswithoutanyfurtherdevelopment.In1642,theRenaissancesawtheinventionofthemechanicalcalculator,adevicethatcouldperformallfourarithmeticoperationswithoutrelyingonhumanintelligence.Themechanicalcalculatorwasattherootofthedevelopmentof2computersintwoseparateways.Initially,itwasintryingtodevelopmorepowerfulandmoreflexiblecalculatorsthatthecomputerwasfirsttheorizedbyCharlesBabbageandthendeveloped.Secondly,developmentofalow-costelectroniccalculator,successortothemechanicalcalculator,resultedinthedevelopmentbyIntelofthefirstcommerciallyavailablemicroprocessorintegratedcircuit.Firstgeneral-purposecomputersIn1801,JosephMarieJacquardmadeanimprovementtothetextileloombyintroducingaseriesofpunchedpapercardsasatemplatewhichallowedhisloomtoweaveintricatepatternsautomatically.TheresultingJacquardloomwasanimportantstepinthedevelopmentofcomputersbecausetheuseofpunchedcardstodefinewovenpatternscanbeviewedasanearly,albeitlimited,formofprogrammability.In1837,CharlesBabbagewasthefirsttoconceptualizeanddesignafullyprogrammablemechanicalcomputer,hisanalyticalengine.LimitedfinancesandBabbage'sinabilitytoresisttinkeringwiththedesignmeantthatthedevicewasnevercompleted;neverthelesshisson,HenryBabbage,completedasimplifiedversionoftheanalyticalengine'scomputingunit(themill)in1888.Hegaveasuccessfuldemonstrationofitsuseincomputingtablesin1906.ThismachinewasgiventotheSciencemuseuminSouthKensingtonin1910.Inthelate1880s,HermanHollerithinventedtherecordingofdataonamachine-readablemedium.Earlierusesofmachine-readablemediahadbeenforcontrol,notdata.Aftersomeinitialtrialswithpapertape,hesettledonpunchedcards...Toprocessthesepunchedcardsheinventedthetabulator,andthekeypunchmachines.Thesethreeinventionswerethefoundationofthemoderninformationprocessingindustry.Large-scaleautomateddataprocessingofpunchedcardswasperformedforthe1890UnitedStatesCensusbyHollerith'scompany,whichlaterbecamethecoreofIBM.Bytheendofthe19thcenturyanumberofideasandtechnologies,thatwouldlaterproveusefulintherealizationofpracticalcomputers,hadbeguntoappear:Booleanalgebra,thevacuumtube(thermionicvalve),punchedcardsandtape,andtheteleprinter.Duringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,manyscientificcomputingneedsweremetbyincreasinglysophisticatedanalogcomputers,whichusedadirectmechanicalorelectricalmodeloftheproblemasabasisforcomputation.However,thesewerenotprogrammableandgenerallylackedtheversatilityandaccuracyofmoderndigital3computers.AlanTuringiswidelyregardedasthefatherofmoderncomputerscience.In1936TuringprovidedaninfluentialformalisationoftheconceptofthealgorithmandcomputationwiththeTuringmachine,providingablueprintfortheelectronicdigitalcomputer.Ofhisroleinthecreationofthemoderncomputer,TimemagazineinnamingTuringoneofthe100mostinfluentialpeopleofthe20thcentury,states:Thefactremainsthateveryonewhotapsatakeyboard,openingaspreadsheetoraword-processingprogram,isworkingonanincarnationofaTuringmachine.EDSACwasoneofthefirstcomputerstoimplementthestored-program(vonNeumann)architecture.DieofanIntel80486DX2microprocessor(actualsize:12×6.75mm)initspackaging.TheAtanasoff–BerryComputer(ABC)wastheworld'sfirstelectronicdigitalcomputer,albeitnotprogrammable.Atanasoffisconsideredtobeoneofthefathersofthecomputer.Conceivedin1937byIowaStateCollegephysicsprofessorJohnAtanasoff,andbuiltwi