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第八讲“不明身份”的代词指代题代词指代题要求考生依据一定的上下文推测代词指代的意义。尤其在人物及事物关系比较复杂的情况下确定代词的指代内容时，更要理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系。(2013·四川卷)OnasunnydaylastAugust，Timheardsomeshouting.Lookingouttotheseacarefully，hesawacoupleofkidsinarowboatwerebeingpulledouttosea.Two12yearoldboys，ChristianandJack，rowedoutaboattosearchforafootball.Oncethey’drowedbeyondthecalmwaters，abeachumbrellatiedtotheboatcaughtthewindandpulledtheboatintoopenwater.Thepairpanickedandtriedtorowbacktoshore.Buttheywerenomatchforitandtheboatwasoutofcontrol.Timknewitwouldsoonbeswallowedbythewaves.“Everythingwentquietinmyhead，”Timrecalls(回忆)．“Iwastryingtofigureouthowtoswimtotheboysinastraightline.”Timtookoffhisclothesandjumpedintothewater.Every500yardsorso，heraisedhisheadtojudgehisprogress.“Atonepoint，Iconsideredturningback，”hesays.“IwonderedifIwasputtingmylifeatrisk.”After30minutesofstruggling，hewascloseenoughtoyelltotheboys，“Takedowntheumbrella！”Christianmademuchefforttotakedowntheumbrella.ThenTimwasabletocatchupandclimbaboardtheboat.Hetookoverrowing，butthewaveswerealmosttoostrongforhim.“Let’saimforthepier(码头)，”Jacksaid.Timturnedtheboattowardit.Soonafterward，wavescrashedovertheboat，anditbegantosink.“Canyouguysswim？”hecried.“Alittlebit，”theboyssaid.Oncetheywereinthewater，Timdecideditwouldbesaferandfasterforhimtopulltheboystowardthepier.ChristianandJackwerewearinglifejacketsandfloatedontheirbacks.Timswamtowardlandaswaterwashedovertheboys’faces.“Arewealmostthere？”theyaskedagainandagain.“Yes，”Timtoldthemeachtime.After30minutes，theyreachedthepier.语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。全文记叙了Tim成功地从海中解救了两个12岁男孩的故事。1．Whydidthetwoboysgotothesea?A．Togoboatrowing.B．Togetbacktheirfootball.C．Toswimintheopenwater.D．Totesttheumbrellaasasail.解析：细节理解题。由第二段的Two12yearoldboys...searchforafootball.可知B项正确。答案：B2．Whatdoes“it”inParagraph2referto?A．Thebeach.B．Thewater.C．Theboat.D．Thewind.解析：词义猜测题。文中第二段后三句意为：他们一把船划出静水区，绑在船上的沙滩伞就遇到了风，然后把船拖进了开阔的水域。这两个男孩慌了，尽力想划回海岸。但是他们不是大风的对手，船失去了控制。此处的it指的是thewind。本题易误选B和C，但water和boat都是在wind的作用下才产生力量，所以与两个男孩对抗的是thewind。答案：D3．WhydidTimraisehisheadregularly?A．Totakeinenoughfreshair.B．Toconsiderturningbackornot.C．Tocheckhisdistancefromtheboys.D．Toasktheboystotakedowntheumbrella.解析：细节理解题。由第四段Iwastryingtofigureouthowtoswimtotheboysinastraightline.“我在尽力弄清楚如何以最近的路线游到男孩们那里”可知，此处Tim抬头是为了确认他与孩子们之间的距离。A项“吸入足够的新鲜空气”文章未提及，B项“考虑是否要返回去”，由下文可知只是作者一时的想法，而不是每次抬头都会考虑，D项“要求男孩们把伞放下来”是他游到男孩附近才说的，故均排除。答案：C4．Howdidthetwoboysfinallyreachthepier?A．TheyweredraggedtothepierbyTim.B．Theyswamtothepierallbythemselves.C．Theywerewashedtothepierbythewaves.D．TheywerecarriedtothepierbyTimonhisback.解析：细节理解题。由倒数第三段中的．..Timdecided...topulltheboystowardthepier.可知男孩们是被Tim拖到码头边的。所以A项符合题意。答案：A做这类题考生首先要返回原文，找出此代词；其次，通过上下文语境，找出该代词指代的名词、名词性词组或句子；再其次，将找到的词、词组或句子代入，替换该代词，看意思是否通顺；最后，将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项相比较，找出意思最接近的选项。例如真题示例第2题，此题考查代词指代题，文中第二段后三句意为：他们一把船划出静水区，绑在船上的沙滩伞就遇到了风，然后把船拖进了开阔的水域。这两个男孩慌了，尽力想划回海岸。但是他们不是大风的对手，船失去了控制。此处的it指的是thewind。(2013·厦门市高三质量检查)FDAproposedthemostsweepingfoodsafetyrulesindecades，requiringfarmersandfoodcompaniestobemorecautiousinthewakeofdeadlyoutbreaksinpeanuts，cantaloupes(甜瓜)，andleafygreens.Thelongoverdueregulationsareaimedatreducingtheestimated3,000deathsayearfromfoodborneillness.Justsincelastsummer，outbreaksofListeria(李氏杆菌)incheeseandSalmonella(沙门氏菌)inpeanutbutter，cantaloupesandmangoeshavebeenlinkedtomorethan400illnessesandasmanyassevendeaths，accordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControl.Theactualnumberofthosesickenedislikelymuchhigher.TheFDA’sproposedruleswouldrequirefarmerstotakenewprecautionsagainstcontamination(污染)，toincludemakingsureworkers’handsarewashed，thatirrigation(灌溉)waterisclean，andthatanimalsstayoutoffields.Foodmanufacturerswillhavetosubmitfoodsafetyplanstothegovernmenttoshowtheyarekeepingtheiroperationsclean.ManyresponsiblefoodcompaniesandfarmersarealreadyfollowingthestepsthattheFDAwouldnowrequirethemtotake.Butofficialssaytherequirementscouldhavesavedlivesandpreventedillnessesinsomeofthelargescaleoutbreaksthathavehitthecountryinrecentyears.Ina2011outbreakofListeriaincantaloupesthatclaimed33lives，forexample，FDAinspectorsfoundpoolsofdirtywateronthefloorandold,dirtyprocessingequipmentattheColoradofarmwherethecantaloupesweregrown.Inapeanutbutteroutbreakthisyearlinkedto42Salmonellaillnesses，inspectorsfoundsamplesofSalmonellathroughoutaNewMexicopeanutprocessingplantandmultipleobvioussafetyproblems，suchasbirdsflyingoveruncoveredtrucksofpeanutsandemployeesnotwashingtheirhands.Underthenewrules，companieswouldhavetolayoutplansforpreventingthosesortsofproblemsandhowtheywouldcorrectthem.“Therulesgoverydirectlytopreventingthetypesofoutbreakswehaveseen，”saidMichaelTaylor，FDA’sdeputycommissionerforfoods.语篇解读食品和药物管理局(FDA)提议在未来几十年内要严格执行有关食品安全的规定，谨防食源性疾病的暴发。1．ThemaintaskofFDAisprobably________.A．toprotectandpromotethepublichealthB．tohelpthosesickenedrecoverC．toresearchonfoodsafetymeasuresD．todealwithwaterpollution解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thelongoverdueregulationsareaimedatreducingtheestimated3,000deathsayearfromfoodborneillness.”可知，FDA的主要任务可能是保护和提升公众的健康，故选A项。答案：A2．Accordingtothepassage，thenewrulesfocuson________.A．inspectingthewholeprocessoffoodproductio